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煤电一体化整合大幕开启 “中国神电”破壳 1.8万亿能源巨无霸谋变

2017-09-05 09:22:08   中国经济网

煤电关系反转

在煤炭行业的黄金十年里,电力企业似乎总是处于下风。

2004年的全国煤炭订货会,由于双方价格谈不拢,谈判拖到了2005年都还没结果,直到发改委发文,强制限定电煤价格涨幅不得超过8%,此后的2008年、2010年、2011年订货会谈判时,发改委都不得不作出类似的干预措施。

2008年的福州煤炭订货会,煤电双方的买卖报价,差价达到150元,历经5天的谈判,最终五大电力集团没有签订任何合同;2011年昆明煤炭订货会同样焦灼,电力企业签好合同,还要保证兑现,还要保证热量值,据媒体报道,实际工作中,有的电力企业只能拿到合同数量的一半,甚至拿到煤炭等质量不行造成停机。

“全国煤炭订货会是由国家组织的,把主要的煤炭生产企业,与电力、钢铁这些用煤大户组织起来,针对量、价进行谈判撮合。最早是计划经济的产物,有时国家领导人都会出席,以协调价格矛盾,后来慢慢放开,有了计划煤、市场煤的区别,再后来就是随行就市了。”王明对时代周报记者说。

但2012年以来煤炭价格的下跌,让煤电的关系发生了戏剧性的逆转。

在煤炭行业被压抑气氛笼罩的2015年,我国电力行业利润却创下了2002年电改以来的13年的最高值。其中,大唐集团全年实现利润171亿元,是组建以来最高的;而国电集团利润则达到227亿元,首次突破200亿元大关。

燃煤发电厂的建设开始大跃进。

2014年,环保部将火电站、热电站、国家高速公路等项目环评审批权下放到省级,不出3个月,山西省环保厅批准的燃煤发电新建项目数量就达到21个,相比起来,环保部2013年审批的火电项目数量仅为41个。

2015年上半年,我国火电项目投产2343万千瓦,同比增长55%,到了2016年初,已发路条就达到2亿千瓦,核准在建的火电项目规模达到1.9亿千瓦。

从全国来看,火电装机已经严重过剩。截至2016年底,我国总装机容量达到15.67亿千瓦,其中火电装机10.4亿千瓦,同比增速依然高达7.1%。相比起来,同期我国全社会用电量为53847亿千瓦时,同比增速仅为4.96%。

拉长时间来看,情况更不容乐观。全社会用电量增速,在2013年下半年短暂达到8%的增速之后便一路下滑,在2015年下半年降至最低的1%左右,2016年才缓慢爬升回到5%左右。而2013年以来,我国发电装机容量同比增速却始终维持在8%-10%。

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