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消息人士称证监会就ICO征询意见 剑指传销诈骗类项目

2017-08-29 17:30:28   央广网

3、那些交易The DAO代币的数字货币交易所,因此也有义务首先依法登记为证券交易所,否则就构成违法。

孙铭称,横向比较来看,The DAO项目在ICO界并不具有代表性。它的本质与以太坊等都具有根本性区别。The DAO其实是一个以智能合约形式存在的公募投资基金的变种。所以这种形式的“去中心化自治组织”,在大部分国家都归属证券领域而受重点监管,更别提在以监管严苛著称的美国。

相反,ICO界流行的项目大都不属于这一类型,而是虚拟商品类,即以发行“功能型代币”为主,即代币在区块链的数字世界中具有实际使用功能,而不是作为投资收益分配或投票的权利凭证。

因此,“不能因The DAO代币被视为证券,就贸然得出结论说所有ICO的代币都是证券以至于受SEC监管,”他称,“虚拟商品类”在ICO市场占有最大的份额,目测至少70%以上的ICO属于此类。其核心特征在于:

1、项目开发团队在开发一个可供实际应用的区块链技术产品(或分布式账本乃至更广义上的“去中心化自治组织”);

2、上述产品通常是内置了可转让流通的代币的公有链(而私有链、联盟链无需内置代币作为内部激励机制);

3、上述内置代币作为用户使用该产品特定功能的必需品,将在使用过程中消耗掉或其他方式流转;

4、上述代币并不由任何主体发行、承兑或承诺赎回(即不存在任何主体对该代币承担除使用功能质量保证之外的金钱性义务)。

部分代币“为发而发”

对于产品众筹性质的ICO,在全球法律层面上是最为宽松的,但监管仍需要陆续补位。

孙铭表示,参与者所获得的代币乃是产品回报,即对于某个区块链系统(或其中某些功能)的“使用券”(类似于玩家在游乐场、赌场中无法直接使用法币,而必需使用场内的代币才能玩),其核心在于代币的具体使用功能。

当然,此类ICO中的代币相较于普通产品众筹的回报而言,仍有一个巨大差别:加密数字代币是高度标准化、转让极其便利的电子虚拟商品,因此像证券一样非常适合于集中竞价交易,只要在任何交易所上市就立刻具有几乎相当于证券的超强流动性;相比之下,普通产品则以终端用户的使用为主(而非转售),故很难产生二级市场交易,流动性很差。

“考虑到ICO代币这些类证券的特点,监管者在未来制订出一些关于ICO产品众筹的特殊限制并非不可能,其中最有可能的是限制代币在各大交易所流通交易(尽管数字加密代币的无国界性导致任何特定国家的监管很难实现效果)。”孙铭表示,必须指出,某些区块链(分布式账本)项目纯粹为了圈钱目的,而投公众所好地刻意在项目中营造出“非必要性代币”来发起众筹,而实际上这些“代币”在该项目的系统内只有少许非实质性的功能用途,而非不可或缺。

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