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去杠杆“三重奏”:方向与节拍并重

2017-08-22 13:26:20   新华网

近年来,地方政府债务发展较快,一些地方违法违规举债担保,带来隐性债务上升,这与牢牢守住不发生区域性系统性风险底线的精神背道而驰。

全国金融工作会议强调,严控地方政府债务增量,终身问责,倒查责任。

实际上,自去年年底以来,中央已经加大力度,疏堵结合,规范地方政府债务融资行为,今年50号文、87号文先后发布,风险防范措施进一步落实。

受监管加强及市场利率上行的影响,今年上半年地方政府债券发行规模大幅缩水。记者了解到,上半年该类债券累计发行18609.75亿元,较去年同期下降近一半。

控制债务杠杆不仅体现在发行规模减少,还体现在发行期限缩短。数据显示,今年上半年发行的地方政府债券以5年期和7年期为主,整体加权平均期限为6.10年,略低于去年同期6.27年的水平。

除了地方债务,整体债市融资情况也显示出上半年去杠杆的成效初显。截至6月底,债市发行总规模为18.06万亿元,比去年同期小幅下降1.8%。具体来看,企业债、公司债发行规模同比大减,上半年合计发行规模仅为5037.58亿元,不到去年同期的三成。

不过7月份最新数据显示,债市融资正在回暖:一方面,地方政府债发行节奏加快,但仍在总额度控制范围内;另一方面,7月企业债券净融资为2840亿元,为今年以来单月最高值。

“经济去杠杆是一个逐步推进的过程,毕竟目前还有很多地方存在基建项目和投资需求,整个系统的债务不会大幅减少。现在政策目标是控制杠杆进一步增长。”穆迪副董事、总经理钟汶权认为。

 市场化、法治化并举

  企业债转股协议金额超过万亿元

全国金融工作会议指出,要把国有企业降杠杆作为重中之重,抓好处置“僵尸企业”工作。

其中,债转股是本轮降低企业杠杆率的标志举措,亦是一把利器。

自去年10月《关于积极稳妥降低企业杠杆率的意见》发布以来,银行等市场主体已经按照市场化、法治化原则,作了有益的探索和创新,债转股取得明显进展。首家市场化债转股公司建信金融资产投资有限公司于日前获批成立。

国家发改委公布的最新数据显示,截至目前,各类实施机构与70余家高负债企业已经积极协商谈判,达成市场化债转股协议,金额超过1万亿元。这些均为钢铁、煤炭、化工、装备制造等行业中具有发展前景的企业。

其中,既有中国宝武、中国重工等中央企业,也有潞安集团、河南能源等地方国企。“从已签约项目看,债转股能有效降低企业资产负债率,起到了去杠杆、降成本、促进企业改组改制、优化融资结构等作用,更长远看,可有力推动国企混改,建立企业负债杠杆自我约束的长效机制。”中国企业研究院首席研究员李锦称。

当然,企业降杠杆途径多样,并不限于债转股。兼并重组、完善现代企业制度、盘活存量资产乃至依法依规实施破产均为企业降杠杆的有效举措。随着今年上半年4组9家中央企业重组事项的推进,前5月上市公司兼并重组交易金额达到7107.5亿元。

降低企业杠杆率成效初显。截至今年6月末,我国规模以上工业企业资产负债率55.9%,同比下降0.8个百分点,企业资产负债率过高的问题正在逐步缓解。

李锦直言,目前我国企业杠杆率过高的局面还未得到根本扭转,不少企业还处在财务负担重、债务风险高的困难境地。换言之,去杠杆还将进行下去。(记者 李丹丹 黄蕾 金嘉捷 编辑 陈羽)

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