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李宇嘉:从北京租赁新政看“租售同享”实现路径

2017-08-21 18:08:44   中国经济网

根据北京的政策,本市户籍承租公租房的可落户,非本市户籍承租人可申办居住登记卡或申领居住证;无房家庭租房的话,子女可享受(户籍)或申请(非户籍)租房所在区接受义务教育。

当然,北京新政规定,落户仅限公租房(非一般租赁住房),申请义务教育也有一定的限制,户籍人口要“双满三年”(本区租住和就业都要满3年),非户籍限制也比较多。北京租赁落户和享受义务教育等同等待遇还难以一步到位,但相比之前租房的待遇已经算是不小的“破局”了。

关于同享义务教育,北京租赁新政有一个兜底的条款,即“具体办法由各区人民政府结合实际情况制定”。这意味着,不管是户籍租房者,还是非户籍租房者,就大家最关心的教育来说,要看各区的政策及学位供求情况。言下之意,类似于北京西城区这种教育资源矛盾比较突出的地区,或许连业主的义务教育诉求都难以完全解决,租房者当然也只能靠后了。

这也道出了当前的无奈,即在公共服务配置上,房子究竟该发挥什么作用?在国际上,拥有产权住房,就得缴纳房产税(公共服务供给的资金来源),也就享有就近接受教育的权利。因此,以住房来配给教育资源是国际惯例。

不过,租房也拥有部分产权,即租期占产权行使期限比例的阶段性产权,也要缴纳房产税,当然就有权利享受公共服务了,包括接受义务教育。去年,笔者一个朋友定居美国,本打算买套房以方便小孩上学。后来,这位朋友听说美国租房也可以上学,开心地对笔者说“省了一大笔钱”。

目前,在我国土地出让“招拍挂”模式下,土地一次性出让70年使用权,购房者也就拥有了70年内享受本地区公共服务的权利。因此,住房就成了分配教育等公共资源相对公平合理的载体。当然,除了住房以外,在本区域就业、居住、缴纳社保、纳税等,也在为增加公共服务供给作贡献。

短期内,大城市争抢优质教育资源的局面难改,以是否拥有住房、纳税和缴纳社保年限、就业年限、居住或领取居住证年限等计算积分并进行排队,谁分数最高,谁最先享有,这算是一个比较公正的模式。事实上,目前深圳、成都和杭州都采取该模式,不管户籍或非户籍、有房或无房、先来或后到,大家一起积分排队。

当然,产权住房分值相对较高,是因为它的贡献很大。如深圳南山区满分100分的积分入学排序中,产权住房占据40分,成为最大头。如果没有住房,就需要在其他方面为城市多作贡献来提高积分。当然,在全球很多国家,优质公共资源都很稀缺,比如在英美等国,资源分布也不均衡,很多高收入者为此不得不选择将子女送到质量更高的私立学校。

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