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法律界人士:苹果任性抽成中国消费者可起诉维权

2017-07-05 10:24:19   法制日报

全国律师协会反垄断专业委员会委员、北京律师赵烨认为,在一定情况下,反垄断法考虑市场支配地位就是考虑其是否能在竞争水平上持续地控制价格,但如果把苹果手机所在的市场界定到高端手机市场,则苹果公司可能具有支配地位。

中国互联网协会法治工作委员会专家委员、中国政法大学教授肖建华认为,从目前苹果手机在中国的市场占有率来看,苹果公司对打赏的抽成行为不构成垄断行为,而是构成不正当竞争行为。

肖建华说,对于微信等应用开发者而言,苹果公司要求其使用苹果的应用内支付(IAP支付)作为用户为虚拟物品等付费的唯一支付渠道,其中的核心问题在于,就是必须通过安装IAP软件才能满足要求的付费机制。此行为类似捆绑软件,在法律上构成搭售商品或附加不合理条件,构成不正当竞争行为。

徐家力也持这种观点。他认为,苹果公司打赏抽成行为违背了反不正当竞争法第十二条规定,经营者销售商品不得违背购买者的意愿搭售商品或者某些其它不合理的条件。用户自愿打赏的行为并不属于典型的应用类购买行为,苹果公司进行扩大解释并强制将打赏行为列入应用类购买,并且规定必须用自己的支付方式,这属于设定不合理的条件,显然是对购买了苹果手机iOS系统附加的行为,所以说侵犯了消费者自愿打赏的权利,也就是说违反了反不正当竞争法或者涉嫌违反消费者权益保护法。

“抽成”侵犯消费者利益

苹果公司的新规定是否侵害了消费者的权益?

陈际红认为,虽然苹果公司新规的约束对象是App开发者,但自苹果打赏新规实施后,App开发者获得利益的30%被苹果拿走,那么App开发者和平台上作者将通过其他方式把损失转移到消费者身上。从这个意义上讲,苹果公司对打赏抽成的行为已对消费者的利益构成了损害。

中国互联网协会法治工作委员会专家委员、北京师范大学法学院教授刘德良认为,从消费者权益保护法上看,用户购买了苹果公司的手机及其操作系统的使用权后,在使用其手机上的应用程序进行打赏时,有权自主决定选择赏金支付渠道。苹果公司强行要求其手机用户在打赏时一律使用其指定的支付渠道并索要30%手续费的行为,无疑侵犯了作为其用户的消费者的选择权。因此,苹果公司的强行“征税”行为违反了消费者权益保护法,消费者有权向行政机关投诉或通过诉讼途径维护自己的合法权益。在这个问题上,全国律协或律师组织可以提起公益诉讼。

刘德良说,同时,苹果公司要求所有打赏行为一律通过其指定的支付方式进行支付的做法,在客观上也限制了同是作为第三方支付渠道的其他竞争者的市场机会,属于不正当竞争行为。因此,其他第三方支付服务提供者可以以不正当竞争问题为由向主管机关举报,要求追究其行政违法责任。

肖建华认为,虽然该规定出台对苹果产品质量没有任何影响,但是苹果销售的产品应当包括软件服务等附属功能及其维护。苹果公司对软件服务附加额外条件,构成对消费者的不利益。苹果公司的新规定在形式上是对产品之外格式服务合同条款的单方面变更,属于无效条款,消费者可以要求中国法院依法撤销。中国消费者协会等组织有权提起公益诉讼。

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