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国内成品油价格战:多地加油站油价降幅远超国标

2017-06-19 10:39:27   工人日报

而正常情况下,加油站利润空间在400元/吨,现在利润空间是正常的1.7倍至4倍,92号汽油甚至接近7倍。在巨大的价差盈利空间面前,企业为拓展市场份额,纷纷拿出一部分利润搞起优惠促销。

国内成品油供大于求?

“造成现在这种价格混战的局面,主要原因是越来越多的地炼企业取得原油进口使用权,使得汽柴油产量大幅增加。同时,民营炼厂丧失成品油出口权,造成供过于求,其成品油库存只能在国内消化。”成品油分析师胡慧春表示。

据了解,我国60%的原油依靠进口。在过去很长一段时间里,地方炼油厂的进口原油使用权和原油进口权受到限制,地方炼油企业要想用进口原油,受制于中石油、中石化等大型央企。

然而,从去年初开始,国家逐步放开相关限制。截至今年3月,全国共有18家地方炼油企业陆续获得了原油进口权,其中大部分是山东企业,它们开始大量进口加工原油。

相关数据显示,2016年山东原油进口量、进口额“齐增”,分别比2015年增长2.5倍和2.4倍;今年前5个月,山东进口原油价值806.2亿元,增长1.4倍,成为山东进口第一大商品。

中国海关日前公布的数据显示,我国5月原油进口大幅反弹,日均进口量为3720万吨,成为全球最大的原油进口国。有分析称,中国原油进口的增长主要由山东地方炼油厂的采购推动。

据山东炼油化工行业协会相关负责人介绍,去年全国地炼的炼油总能力约占全国炼油总产能的30%,而山东地炼产能为1.3亿吨,占到全国地炼产能的7成以上,山东炼油总产能达2.1亿吨。

在原油进口大幅攀升、巨大产能获得支撑的同时,今年5月份,国家调整相关政策,民营炼厂丧失了成品油出口权,成品油出口被封死。大量民营炼厂的成品油库存只能在国内消化,大幅降价促销成为不少企业的唯一选择。

“价格战”会持续多久?

据统计,山东成品油市场约有10000家加油站,“两桶油”合计占据了40%的市场份额。尽管在加油站数量和成品油销量上占绝对优势,但“两桶油”终端的经营压力并未缓解。今年一季度,中石化加油站单站销量和零售限价均出现超过3%的同比下跌。

据了解,“两桶油”多年来一直是执行发改委制定的最高零售限价,而民营加油站批发汽油柴油价格比较低。近两年以来,汽柴油批零价差不断扩大,民营加油站利润较好。为了抢占市场份额,民营油站尤其是山东、河北及河南等靠近山东地炼地区的降价促销力度日益加大,从之前每升降两三角增加到目前每升降1元以上。

在巨大降价促销的影响下,不少私家车主纷纷转向民营加油站,导致中石化和中石油的零售市场占有率均出现约1%的下跌。

面对民营加油站“来势汹汹”,市场份额不断被侵蚀,“两桶油”为了保证销售量、维护自己的市场,不得不采取应对措施,加入到降价促销的行列。

“不管是中石油还是中石化,其在零售网络、品牌优势等方面均具有优势,并且‘两桶油’的产业链条相对完整,整体抗风险能力较强,这都为其加油站降价促销抢夺市场份额提供了有力的后盾。”据刘孟凯分析,当前的“价格战”可能不是短期行为,甚至可能持续到明年。

而根据石化行业权威人士分析,按照全球炼油企业平均开工率83%计算,我国炼油产能过剩1亿吨,产能过剩率大约在13%至18%,形势严峻。

在国内成品油资源过剩背景下,不排除“两桶油”零售价格战会在一定阶段内常态化。一旦出现此种情况,民营加油站的春天或将终结,一些以高价位方式取得加油站的民营企业或被淘汰出局。本报记者 丛民

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