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姜主任介绍说,在临终关怀中评估病人的心理状态非常重要,如病人是否处于重度抑郁或焦虑状态;同时还评估病人的社会支持能力,是否经常有家属陪伴等。对评估存在精神心理障碍者,需要优先进行心理干预,暂时不做死亡教育。对评估心理状态较好的病人,死亡教育会与心理干预同步进行。死亡教育主要包括两方面,其一是要鼓励病人积极乐观地面对生老病死;其二会制作一些宣传手册,介绍关于死亡的一些宣传材料或者网站等,试探病人有没有兴趣了解与死亡相关的内容,如果病人感兴趣再继续进行更多的引导。“死亡教育因人而异,会特别慎重。”姜主任说,其实,死亡教育应该贯穿人生始终,从孩提时代开始。
现状 尴尬一:临终关怀缺乏统一标准
姜主任表示,目前护理人员缺口的确很大,而年轻护士的流动性也很大。除了人员缺口之外,中国现在急需建立临终关怀领域的行业标准体系,比如哪个级别的医院应该设立何种类型临终关怀病房,它的硬件和软件应该达到什么样的要求?收治病人的标准、服务内容的标准怎样设定?临终关怀病房的考核和绩效如何管理?这些都缺乏统一的标准。“这就导致各地区各医院在人员培训等多方面存在差异,没有标准可循。很多情况下只能靠自己摸索,这样一来导致的结果就是医护人员水平参差不齐。”姜主任说。
尴尬二:部分患者有“压床”情况
临终关怀病房里也有一些病人住院天数过长,出现“压床”的问题。入院时病情严重,也符合临终的判定,但少数病人住院一段时间后,病情稳定了,按道理应该转出或居家。但由于目前社区以慢病管理为主,能够提供临终关怀条件的社区有限,因此,姜主任接触的病人在他们这里住院时间最长的可达两三年。
有些临终病人有自杀倾向,拒绝任何治疗,甚至拒绝交流。病房也出现过病人自己拔管、自我放弃的问题。“这种问题一旦出现就会比较麻烦。”出现心理应激性创伤,医护人员就需要强化护理、严密监护及巡视,也会请心理专科的医生进行干预,或者采取药物介入。
尴尬三:志愿者和义工缺口很大
姜主任说,参观访问国外临终关怀机构,感受很深的是国内的临终关怀还存在巨大的缺口:就是缺少志愿者和义工更多的参与。医务人员扮演了多重角色,一方面是为病人减少痛苦的医疗救治人员,同时还承担着面对死亡的心理引导人员角色,还要承担患者的生活护理和医学护理。
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