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中华鲟研究所副所长李志远说,多种监测手段显示,近几年放流的大规格中华鲟有30%至40%顺利洄游到了大海,放流鱼体规格越大,洄游成活率越高。这证明全人工繁殖的子二代中华鲟具备野生中华鲟的洄游特性,可以进入大海生长发育。不过,放流的中华鲟进入大海的比率仍然具有提高的空间,因此,在中华鲟回归大海的过程中,保护长江生态环境仍然任重道远。
互联网技术:
实现长江千里“鲟”
在长江边上,一些放流的中华鲟在游移徘徊着不肯离去。它们是在恋家、舍不得离开吗?“中华鲟不是恋家,而是在辨别方向。”李志远说。中华鲟没有视力,人工养殖的中华鲟到了天然水体后,要靠感觉来辨别方向,了解长江的水流情况和空间结构,等逐渐适应天然水体后,便开始向下游动。刚开始每天能游30公里至50公里,往后速度越来越快,到南京时能游100公里以上。
放流的中华鲟能否安全游抵长江口,顺利进入大海呢?据了解,为了掌握中华鲟洄游运动规律,科学评价放流效果,中华鲟研究所对放流的中华鲟采用了体外T型塑料管标记、被动整合雷达(PIT)和声呐标记,实现了对长江流域中华鲟活动轨迹的全流域监测。体外T型塑料管标记,就是在管内打印唯一编号、放流单位及联系方式,方便渔民误捕后与放流部门及时取得联系。PIT标记属于体内标记,无需内部电池,长期有效,用于放流中华鲟在海洋中生长达到性成熟并返回长江进行自然繁殖过程中,被捕捞后的准确鉴定。声呐标记,就是在中华鲟体内置入声波发射装置,通过主动追踪或者沿江布设接收器的方式接收声呐信号,从而获取鱼类洄游信息。这种标记在放流后不需要回捕标记鱼,当标记鱼游经接收器接收范围约1公里时,就能被自动记录,从而推测鱼类洄游路线。
从2014年开始,中华鲟研究所科研人员就在部分放流的中华鲟体内植入声呐标记,对中华鲟进行持续跟踪标记。今年有40尾中华鲟植入了声呐标记,在长江干流的监利、城陵矶、武汉、汉江、湖口、彭泽、南京、江阴及支流的洞庭湖、汉江、鄱阳湖入口设置了监测断面。其中,对监利、城陵矶、武汉、南京、江阴等重点断面进行了加密布设,实现监测数据实时传输,及时掌握放流中华鲟洄游动态。
对放流的中华鲟实行标记追踪工作,不仅能更好地监测放流鱼群的生存状况,从而采取更有针对性的保护措施;而且可以探寻长江其他珍稀鱼类的重点繁殖期、关键影响因素、重点保护区域,从而探寻长江生态保护之道。
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