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中国建筑垃圾“年产”超20亿吨 管理长期缺位

2017-04-27 10:55:13   经济参考报

在一些城市,填埋消纳能力不足,使建筑垃圾处理和利用陷入两难境地,去年以来曝出的“上海建筑垃圾转运至江苏”、“海南万泉河部分河床被倾倒建筑垃圾抬高河床”等案件表明,一些地方对建筑垃圾“不愿管理”、“无力管理”等现象突出,让建筑垃圾管理和利用陷入了死循环。

管理缺位过于“粗线条”

管理缺位是建筑垃圾处理面临的首要问题。我国现行的《城市建筑垃圾管理规定》是2005年由原建设部颁布的。业内人士指出,从全国角度看,这一规定颁布时间距今已经十余年,对于建筑垃圾当前发展出现的问题已经无法完全覆盖,一些条款过于“粗线条”,执行效果有限。

近年来,虽有地方出台了建筑垃圾管理规定,但普遍存在可执行性不强、处理处罚力度不够等缺陷,对建筑垃圾的管理仍处于较为模糊和粗放的水平。

吉林省住房和城乡建设厅工作人员杨学武说,缺乏有效的执法手段,也是目前主管部门面临的突出问题。据一些一线执法人员介绍,执法力量、执法依据、处罚意见和效果等存在模糊点,由于种种原因没有得到完善,让主管部门很被动。

一位垃圾处理主管部门负责人告诉记者,很多工地的建筑垃圾运输都是趁着夜间进行,并且多用假牌照黑车,尽管主管部门想对其进行处罚,但一来人、财、物等保障滞后,二来主管部门的权限有限,一些地方的各部门职能交叉,多头管理难以形成执法威慑力。“管不过来,也都不愿意管。”这位负责人说。

不仅管理难,在资源化利用方面存在的现实困境,也让建筑垃圾处理的前景难言乐观。据吉林省统计,吉林每年建筑废弃物产生量约为1070余万吨,但资源化利用率约不足10%。据了解,目前吉林省共核准建筑废弃物综合利用企业17家,主要生产小型空心砌块、标砖、地面硬化砖、城市排水沟渠用盲孔砖和水利防洪用透水砖等,但实际运行的仅有1家,大多数企业都因投入不足或市场不好而陷入停滞。

一些主管部门负责人和业内人士表示,建筑垃圾之所以存在随意倾倒、管理困难等难题,源于其在储运、回收、利用等方面存在的突出难点。

一位业内人士透露,虽然大家都知道回收利用产品比较环保,但是企业生产成本比较高,选址、储运等耗资大,相比之下,建筑商更倾向于购买原始建材。

“变废为宝”需借助市场力量

目前,一些地方在建筑垃圾处理方面做出了探索。既要提高管理效力,还要发挥市场力量在建筑垃圾资源化利用中的作用。河南省2016年建筑垃圾直接使用或再生处置利用率超过40%,西安等地还探索把建筑垃圾“变废为宝”,建设生态公园等环保景观,一些地方还探索利用建筑垃圾修建高速公路。

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