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国有企业改革需要有进有退

2017-04-24 17:57:33   经济参考报

背景三:中国处于正在崛起的关键阶段。

中国正在崛起却还没有崛起,困难还很大。取决于我们对自身和国际社会的准确认识、战略和策略、近期的改革和发展速度和质量,特别是对国有经济的定位和国有企业改革。中国的发展正在导致世界各国相对地位的变化,不同国家对这种变化有不同的心态和应对措施。既有的发达国家没有明显的衰落迹象,一些发达国家按照既有的、长期的思维习惯看待中国的发展,不相信中国和平崛起的战略,对中国高度警觉和极力遏制,另有一些国家对中国的反应也很微妙。

背景四:“中共十一届三中全会”以后,中国经过十多年的改革实践和理论探索,于1992年10月在“中共十四大”决定上明确提出,中国经济体制改革的目标是“建立社会主义市场经济体制”。这是对“关系整个社会主义现代化建设全局的一个重大问题”认识清楚以后的回答。我们的市场经济体制是有中国特色的,中国特色:一是有社会主义公有制基础、多种所有制经济混合共存的市场经济;二是国有和国有控股企业的公司治理结构中是有党的领导的。建立和完善市场经济体制是改革的目标。中国特色是改革的特殊约束条件。

上述关于“现实背景”的内容与国有企业改革是什么关系?背景一和二说明中国现阶段的经济:第一,需要寻求走出危机、以合理的速度增长的动力。国有企业是否改革、如何改革、国有经济的规模数量和结构,既关系国有经济本身对增长的影响,也关系非国有经济对增长的影响;第二,无论是危机对企业、产能、产品等意义上的经济结构的强制性调整,还是中国经济新常态下的主动性经济结构调整,都需要国有经济在结构上作出调整和国有企业进行改革。背景三提示我们:国有经济规模和布局与国家对经济的控制力相关,控制的强弱与国家处于什么发展阶段相关。背景四一方面警示我们:必须勿忘改革初心,另一方面也必须认识到,“中国特色”是现阶段国有企业改革的约束条件。

现阶段国有经济的科学定位

现阶段国有经济状况如何?理论上,“国有资产”、“国有经济”和“国有企业”是三个高度相关却不相等的概念。本文的“国有经济”是指经营性国有资产,包括独资的国有企业资产和国有控股、参股企业中的国有资产。论及国有经济的数量时,一般有国有总资产规模、净资产规模、创造的GDP占GDP总量的比例、企业数量、产业覆盖面等。

国有经济在现阶段的中国到底如何定位、生存的合理空间如何?既需要考虑国有经济在一般性的市场经济条件下的定位,又必须分析中国经济社会发展的特殊的阶段性特征,其实就是分析清楚国有经济存在的一般原因和特殊原因,否则,定位可能不准,改革也可能失误。只要是市场经济,市场机制在资源配置过程中就必须、也必然起基础性作用,社会主义市场经济体制也不可能例外,这是共识,也是实践证明了的。由于国情不同,发展阶段不同,面临的国际环境不同等,这些是决定国有经济规模、空间和产业布局的主要因素。

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