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今年营改增已减税4699亿 中国企业税负到底有多高?

2016-12-29 11:05:11   

呼应

李东生曾吐槽附加税费过高

今年初,参加全国两会的TCL集团董事长李东生在面对记者时也曾提到过企业税负过高的问题。他特别提到了在基本税收之外的两项附加税费——城市维护建设税和教育费附加。据了解,我国的城市维护建设税是根据1985年的国务院暂行条例征收的,教育费附加则是根据1986年国务院和财政部的暂行规定征收的,其实都是属于在增值税、消费税和营业税之外的“税上加税”。

他表示,这些附加税在经济尚不发达的改革开放初期确实对城市建设和教育起到了推动作用。但李东生认为,经济发展到今天,这种复杂的税法已经不利于经济结构调整,尤其是不利于制造业的发展。他算了一笔账,“城建税、教育费附加、地方教育附加分别按照增值税、消费税和营业税的7%、3%和2%缴纳,这对于制造业来说能占到销售收入的比例接近0.5%。而现在中国制造业的平均利润率不足2%,这意味着城建税和教育费附加能占到制造企业平均利润的四分之一。” 但事实上,从近年数据来看,这些附加税占全国财政收入的比例还不到5%,也就是说取消这些附加税对财政收入的影响不大,但对制造业盈利影响却非常显著。

而且李东生认为在这两项税费征收中,制造型企业明显受影响更大。他引用数据表示,去年我国国内增值税收入主要由制造行业缴纳,约为3.11万亿元;而主要由第三产业缴纳的营业税收入为1.93万亿元,其中房地产缴纳了0.61万亿元、金融缴纳了0.46万亿元。由于这些附加税以增值税、营业税等为基础计算缴纳,因此其实制造业承担的附加税较第三产业要多得多,远高于房地产、金融这类高利润行业。

反驳

国税总局刊文称我国宏观税负偏低

针对这次由福耀玻璃美国建厂而引发的对于中国企业税负过重问题的报道,国家税务总局12月21日在官网上发表了国家税务总局税收科学研究所李万甫撰写的文章《“死亡税率”引发的税负问题思考》。文章中引用多种数据,表示中国的宏观税负其实是低于包括发达国家在内的多数国家的。不过此文一出也引发了社会上的更大反响。

该文章称,有关“死亡税率”在足够吸引社会公众眼球的同时,也激起了社会公众特别是企业界对经济下行压力加大的情绪宣泄,引发社会公众对税负问题的误解,带来一系列负面效应。所谓的“大部分企业利润率都不到10%”与“30%至40%的税费负担”存在怎样的内在关联需审慎对待。至于30%至40%的“死亡税率”是“我国当前经济持续低迷的真实原因”这一结论,严重曲解和低估了导致经济下行压力的深层次原因。

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