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葛长银:公平税负是个税新政最终诉求 需兼顾两头

2016-12-27 16:19:24   

一是“综合征收”的减项设计问题。针对个人所得税减项设计这个问题,我认为,需要遵循我国的传统文化,考虑纳税人的普遍负担,并兼顾行业特殊支出的差别。具体而言,尊重传统文化主要是尊重“养老爱幼”的优良文化,把养老支出、育儿支出等列为纳税减项;普遍负担就是把住房、医疗和教育(包括有助于个人成长的学习)等部分支出列为纳税减项;兼顾行业差别就是把特殊行业的特殊硬支出,比如野外作业的安全保护费、保险费,文化事业的稿费等等,列为纳税减项。

二是“免征额”的问题。免征额是一个公民的基本生活保障,这个“额度”一定要够他在当地有尊严的生活。在全国各地居民收入差异较大的前提条件下,若取个统一值,我认为应该取个偏大值,来优惠更多工薪阶层。实际上,各方也在不断传来提高免征额的呼声,比如早前宗庆后就提出建议将免征额定到5000元。这是来自实践一线的民声,同时更是民生。我们不能忽略这种声音。一个基本事实:工薪阶层节省10元,在生计上比富人节省100元还重要,关键是更感觉到祖国的温暖。

三是低于“免征额”人群的税收关怀问题。“征高补低”是税收公平性的一个体现。高出“免征额”的阶层我们征税,那低于“免征额”的人群怎么办?西方发达国家对这个群体多有“物质关怀”,那我们怎么在税收上直接体现?这也是一个值得深思的问题。

四是给高收入人群多一种选择的问题。由于高收入人群的收入繁杂且地域不一,就是把最高税率降到40%,他们也有避税或逃税的动机和可能。因此,建议在纳税政策上多给他们一种选择。比如将收入投资到国家指定的领域(几年),就可以减免税款。

纵观古今中外,把握税收的度十分重要。今年7月,中央政治局会议首提“降低宏观税负”。十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》中明确了“统一税制、公平税负、促进公平竞争的原则”。有了积极的导向,才能实现“一要减少,二要防跑”的目的,才能在此基础上建设我国优良的税收文化。

总之,不能因新政的出台增加广大纳税人的税负,这是国策;不能因财税部门的局部“业绩”影响国家经济的全面发展,这是大局;更不能因为沉重税负把老百姓赶到国家的对面,这是长远的政治。

【专家简介】葛长银,中国农业大学经济管理学院会计系副教授,学校MBA教学优秀教师,兼任中粮屯河和中工国际独立董事,由高等教育出版社、机械工业出版社、北京大学出版社等出版著作26部,我国财税领域实战派专家。

(欢迎转载,注明来源“中新经纬”,即视为已获转载授权。本文不代表中新经纬观点。)

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