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美退缩亚太合作如何推 专家:中国应发挥更强领导力

2016-12-23 16:55:13   

  “特朗普冲击”向亚太提出“转向”之问

除对TPP的反对外,特朗普还表示要重新评估北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA)。这对中国的影响会很大,因为中国与墨西哥在对美出口方面有较大竞争。对美国来说,1994年NAFTA建立后,成长最快、产业链最深的就是汽车行业,加拿大和墨西哥对美国出口主要就是汽车。因此,当日本答应参加TPP,因而在汽车问题上与美国跨国公司达成妥协之后,奥巴马政府以为万事大吉。但是,特朗普显然更为看重超越自由贸易的一些议题,比如移民问题、制造业回归美国等(特朗普在选举期间曾不顾政治正确性,要求在美墨边境树立高墙;特朗普当选前几天,墨西哥比索快速贬值,市场预期前景不妙)。如果特朗普不仅取消TPP,而且重新商谈NAFTA,那么美国各主要制造产业将重新布局,原有的规则体系也将重塑。

在亚太地区,对美国跨国公司而言,新加坡和澳大利亚是亚太地区两个主要的投资目的国,两国合计占美国在亚太投资的一半。这两个国家参与全球自由贸易区的热情也很高涨,分别是TPP和RCEP的谈判方。其中,新加坡是东盟的主要成员国,是亚太地区少数几个贸易额超过1万亿美元的国家,在全球经贸领域和澳大利亚相当,地位都很不一般,对于正在形成中的新型地区一体化有重要影响。显而易见,安全上新加坡和澳大利亚都非常倚重于美国,特别是澳大利亚政府明确宣布美国——而不是第一大贸易伙伴的中国,仍是其最重要的经济伙伴。在特朗普放弃TPP之后,这两个国家面临着重新选择方向的难题。

应当指出,由于新加坡、澳大利亚过分推崇TPP,一定程度上延缓了东盟主导的RCEP谈判。加上印度这个原本不属于亚太地区的国家参与到了RCEP的谈判中,在发展模式和理念上与地区内国家都有较大差距,致使RCEP的多轮谈判都停留在多个双边的磋商中。尽管如此,一个更加一体化的东盟对于参加对美博弈仍然重要,在美国前20个主要进口来源地中,有越南、马来西亚、泰国和印尼,东盟希望美国继续开放市场,同时也以更为积极主动的政策承诺推进东盟内部的市场一体化建设。

当然,地区内一些中小国家,不仅缺少开放市场的实力,也无法在理念上提出足够吸引的区域合作模式。中国政府看到全球化退潮的危险,也看到了推进新型区域合作的必要性,包括亚太自贸区、RCEP以及一带一路,12月中旬召开的中央经济工作会议也指明这样一种前景。今后,中国的“一带一路”倡议有可能获得较大发展,这是一个旨在将沿线国家总体发展水平从人均2000美元提升到4000美元的长远构想,对于欧美长期以来忽视的基础设施建设以及产业园分外重视,这必将带动周边区域的共同发展,因而有非常强大的吸引力。在美国退缩并强化其国内经济建设之际,中国推动新型区域合作的动力是强劲的,地区合作也需要中国发挥更强有力的领导力。

(钟飞腾,中国社会科学院亚太与全球战略研究院大国关系室主任,海外网特约评论员)

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