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美退缩亚太合作如何推 专家:中国应发挥更强领导力

2016-12-23 16:55:13   

在发达国家退缩时,中国适当扮演引领者角色是有必要的。这不只是要争夺国际话语权,以获取更为长远的好处,更紧迫的是中国要进一步捍卫和推进当前的全球化。

世界贸易的增速自1985年以来普遍高于全球GDP增长,通过融入这种外部环境,中国成为80年代以来这一波全球化主要受益者之一,中国人均GDP获得了人类有史以来最快速的增长。对中国来说,构建一个有利于发展的外部环境仍然是确定无疑的大战略。只是与前三十五年相比,我们习惯的面向发达市场的外贸高增长时期已经终结,今后一个时期需要更加重视外部发展环境的复杂性。

  TPP兴起引发地区“洗牌”

过去30年主导亚太一体化的模式分为两个阶段。新世纪以前,主要是美国引领的开放市场,加上日本在东亚多次尝试的地区合作进程。转折点是1997年东亚金融危机,地区国家对美国和日本的援助、施救迟缓非常不满,一定程度上,是美日没有看到地区发展的自主性新需求,结果地区一体化潮流转而由中国与东盟引领,注重地区内互联互通和发展战略对接,实现了地区内贸易的超快发展。

随着中国日渐发展壮大,美国及其盟友对此心存忧虑,接过了新加坡等国倡导的TPP计划。鉴于美国在全球的权势地位,美国利用TPP后很快扭转了地区一体化发展方向,原本由中国和东盟推动的地区一体化面临着瓦解的危险。东盟国家考虑到地缘政治压力,为了维持东盟的中心地位,在地区经济合作中提出了构建地区全面经济伙伴合作关系(RCEP)的倡议。与TPP高大上的规则相比,RCEP对各国的正式制度约束并不强,涵盖的领域也相对有限。因为参与谈判的大多数国家在发展阶段上还处于中低阶段,即便设定了高标准,企业也没有办法在进出口中用这些规则。但美国奥巴马政府则雄心勃勃,以为在中国最成功的经贸领域抢先设定规则,就能约束东亚给美国造成的冲击。因此,TPP的主要创新点就放在了国有企业、知识产权、投资者争端解决机制等规则设定上。

但美国的这种设想也不能不顾及长期以来美国与亚太国家经贸关系形成的现状。在美国的亚太贸易伙伴中,除了中国和日本之外,主要是加拿大、墨西哥和韩国。2015年,美国五分之一的货物进口来自于中国大陆,几乎相当于前20个进口来源地的一半。中国对美国排他性的自由贸易安排和降低WTO在全球贸易中的地位的做法是严重不满的。而另一重要国家韩国,自2000年以来净货物贸易条件几乎是所有亚太地区国家中下跌最严重的一个。尽管已经与美国、欧盟签署自由贸易协定,但韩国仍对美国的政策调整将相当敏感,特别是在东亚地区,韩国大产业集团的主要竞争对手是日本公司,在日本政府承诺推进TPP协定后,韩国公司也不得不适应地区产业的新分工。因此,韩国对地区合作的态度也趋于复杂,加上更为复杂敏感的外交安全因素,中日韩自贸区也因此停滞不前。

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