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脱欧对欧盟一体化乃至全球化的进程与方向都将产生深刻影响。英国退出可能加剧欧盟的离心倾向,类似瑞典、丹麦、捷克,甚至荷兰可能会与英国一样选择离开。这将重组欧盟的秩序,并引起欧盟动态调整。
更重要的是,全球化的发展使得欧盟建立的基础不断弱化。过去全球贸易的关税很高,结成类似欧洲共同体的组织降低关税是有收益的。然而全球化使得这一动因不断弱化。冷战结束、中国对外开放、WTO成立、全球互联网等开启了全球化的新时代,贸易及有关标准可以自由拓展至全球层面。虽然欧盟也深入参与全球治理,但其欧洲化的思维仍是地区联邦主义,欧盟的体制则要求成员国在全球规则谈判上采取共同的立场。
从英国的角度看,如果英国继续留在欧盟,英国事实上很难直接在全球层面充分传达自身立场,这一点甚至不如挪威、澳大利亚等综合实力要弱于英国的国家。英国脱欧可以缩短英国政府和全球治理之间的责任链条,就监管、标准和规则等问题更多地表达自身立场,捍卫权利。反之,通过欧盟表达的意见多是微弱的、被扭曲的乃至可以被忽略的。
从这个意义上而言,英国脱欧甚至有可能推动欧洲的改革。英国脱欧公投已经显示公众对欧盟影响广度和深度不断扩张的深刻不满。欧盟各成员国中多数民众都反对欧盟机构的进一步扩张,其形式不同,但普遍诉求之一都是反对不负责任、无竞争力的技术官僚统治。法国前总统萨科齐甚至支持彻底废除欧盟委员会。欧盟目前失业率高企,经济止步不前,其长期面临的结构性问题可能为复兴的国家主义倾向所加剧。28个成员之间的分歧,使得欧盟缺乏对于欧洲的长远愿景,也难以达成改革计划。从英国脱欧的积极方面看,它可能推动重新规划欧洲的自由贸易,促成一个可以避开政治目标同时保留国内货币和财政政策权力的自由贸易联盟。
(责编:孙博洋、夏晓伦)
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