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中国社科院:2017年财政政策重心应降低宏观税负

2016-12-22 09:19:19   

2017年世界经济增长形势依然不容乐观,按PPP计算的世界GDP增长率约为3.0%,按市场汇率计算的世界GDP增长率约为2.4%。预测仍然低于国际货币基金组织和其他国际组织的预测。较低的预测主要反映了对世界经济潜在增长率下行、金融市场脆弱性加大、反全球化趋势、美国政策调整、欧洲内部政治冲突、难民危机、英国脱欧进程、日本通货紧缩等问题的担忧。

全球贸易减速风险仍将是经济复苏的掣肘,2017年全球贸易量增速预计在2.5%上下。发达国家商业和消费者信心的滑落在近期尤为显著。2016年欧盟国家和美国GDP增长缓慢,2017年期望有所反弹。欧洲央行宽松的货币政策可能会刺激欧元区的增长,并提升其对货物、服务和进口的需求。亚洲金融不稳定有所减轻,如果经济增长高于或者低于市场预期,还将会重现金融动荡的局面。

2016年初全球贸易形势有所回暖,在这样的开局背景下,WTO在4月预测,2017年全球货物贸易量增速为3.6%,这也是在对世界GDP增长预测的基础上估计的。当然,WTO较为乐观的预测仍然低于自1990年以来约为5.0%的平均增长速度。WTO对增速预测的不确定性仍然来自经济下行的风险。这包括新兴经济体经济的降温和紊乱的金融市场波动,以及背负大量外债的国家受到的汇率剧烈变动压力。当前,全球贸易额受汇率波动和大宗商品价格下降影响为负增长,但贸易量还是正增长。贸易的低速增长可能会破坏发展中国家脆弱的经济增长。同时,很多国家继续使用贸易限制措施,贸易保护主义不断蔓延,致使WTO最近对2016年的贸易预测显得较为悲观。在这样的背景下,预计2017年全球贸易量增速在2.5%上下。

社科院认为,美国或成为世界经济不稳定的来源。金融危机以后,美国加强了金融监管,采取了扩张性的宏观经济政策,促进了失业率不断下降和经济逐渐趋于稳定。在发达经济体中,美国属于复苏较快、经济增长率较高的国家。但是,随着特朗普成为美国总统和美国进入加息周期,美国经济可能成为导致世界经济不稳定的源头。

特朗普成为美国总统以后,其国际国内经济政策均会出现较大幅度的调整。其竞选过程中承诺的保护主义政策一旦全部或者部分实施,都将对外部世界造成不利影响,并有可能引发全球范围内保护主义政策密集出台,从而造成世界经济增长率进一步下降。

美国加息预期的变化也将反复扰动国际金融市场。发达经济体的宽松货币政策为国际金融市场提供了大量的廉价资本。根据国际清算银行的统计,全球跨境资本资产头寸2006年底约为25.7万亿美元,2014年增加到30.1万亿美元。流入发展中经济体的跨国资本头寸2006年底约为1.7万亿美元,危机以后,迅速增加至2014年的3.9万亿美元。此后由于美国货币政策预期发生变化,以及新兴经济体自身经济动荡,至2016年3月底,全球跨境资本资产头寸缩减至27.5万亿美元,流入新兴经济体的跨国资本头寸也下降至3.2万亿美元。大规模跨国资本流动容易造成部分国家外汇市场大幅度动荡,甚至频繁引发货币危机。自2016年11月以来,国际市场对美联储加息预期逐渐增强,国际资本又开始大规模流出新兴经济体,并流向美国,导致美元指数迅速攀升,其他国家的货币,尤其是新兴经济体的货币大幅度贬值。这种状况将随着美国经济的反复波动及加息预期的变化而反复出现,国际金融市场也将因此而出现反复动荡。

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