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个税改革在即 个人养老账户税收抵扣已迫在眉睫

2016-10-28 07:08:53   人民网-金融频道

人社部社会保险事业管理中心发布的《中国社会保险发展年度报告2015》披露的数据显示,2015年,平均每2.87名职工赡养1名退休者。全国养老金平均可支付月数仅为17个月,在黑龙江、吉林、青海等8省,职工养老金可支付月数低于10个月,黑龙江仅1个月,从侧面反映出基本养老保险所面临的困境。

不仅如此,被寄予厚望的第一支柱,在增值保值方面也处于较为艰难的局面。一般情形下,基本养老金结余往往存于银行或购买国债。2015年,职工养老金的收益率为3.1%,已是2009年以来的最高值。。2009-2014年的企业养老保险基金收益率分别为2.2%、2.0%、2.5%、2.6%、2.4%、2.9%。

一份由央行副行长陈雨露担任总顾问、姚余栋、董克用为组长的《“老龄化陷阱”及其应对》的课题报告显示,以美国为例,美国约27万亿美元的养老金资产中超过80%通过资本市场投资运营实现保值增值。与之相反,2015年底我国养老金现有存量尚不足7万亿人民币,其中市场化运营的尚不足50%。

一方面是,多数人退休后的收入主要还是政府提供的基本养老金,而另一方面是,这部分养老金又面临着独木难支的尴尬困局。长此以往,国家财政将面临巨大压力。

加快构建第三支柱养老金体系 抓住个税改革的窗口期

中国养老的问题出在哪里?姚余栋认为,主要出在第三支柱上。养老问题能不能解决,关键是要把“水”引入第三支柱,秉承“政府税收优惠、个人自愿参加,市场化运作”原则执行。

第三支柱是自愿性个人储蓄养老金计划,采取完全积累制,由个人自愿缴费,国家给予税收优惠。在资金上体现为先积累后使用,即年轻时逐步积累资金,市场化投资运营以保值增值,退休后使用资金。

从世界范围来看,典型的养老金第三支柱是美国的IRA制度,由政府提供税收支持,个人自愿参与。IRA的一个主要优势就在于:享有税收延递或免税等多种税收优惠政策。大部分IRA参与者每年可将一定免税额度的资金存入账户,投资收益免税,只在退休领取时缴纳个人所得税。同时,存放在个人账户的资金可以投向各类金融产品,有自主选择的权利。

灵活自愿、税收优惠的第三支柱,让养老金资产可以“活”起来。近日在CAFF50主办、建信养老金公司承办的“金融支持养老产业的定位与思考”闭门研讨会上,美国普信集团副总裁、北亚区总经理林羿透露,截至第二季度,美国全国净资产是89万亿美元,金融资产是72万亿美元,其中,30%是养老金资产,近22万美元,远远超过银行、保险、资产管理公司的资产总和。

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