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养老金收支凸显地区不平衡 陕西等6省2015年收不抵支

2016-09-06 10:55:13   人民网-中国经济周刊

而就在8月8日,国务院印发《降低实体经济企业成本工作方案》,降低企业社保缴费比例无疑是完成“三去一降一补”中“一降”的重要手段,方案中提及,从2016年5月1日起,对企业职工基本养老保险单位缴费比例超过20%的省份,将单位缴费比例降至20%,单位缴费比例为20%且2015年底企业职工基本养老保险基金累计结余可支付月数超过9个月的省份,可以阶段性将单位缴费比例降低至19%。

其实,广东与黑龙江的对比只是各地区养老金收支不平衡最极端的展现。

就在广东、北京等省份养老保险基金相对充裕、来源稳定的同时,2015年,全国共有湖北、甘肃、辽宁、重庆、四川、内蒙古、新疆生产建设兵团、吉林、黑龙江等9个省份的抚养比不到2:1;湖北、天津、陕西、辽宁、河北、青海、吉林、新疆生产建设兵团、黑龙江等9个省份的可支付月数低于10个月水平;陕西、青海、河北、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁等6个省份当期收不抵支。

李玲对记者表示,养老保险面临困境不单是黑龙江的问题,而是整体制度设计的问题。

怎么把“小水塘”变为“汪洋大海”?

李玲所言的“整体制度设计问题”的重要体现便是包括养老保险在内的社保统筹层次低,没有实现全国统筹,而这才是解决包括黑龙江在内的地区养老金收支不平衡问题的关键。

她做了这样一个比喻,社会保障制度应该起到将人们组织起来共担风险的功能,蓄水池越大,分担风险的能力就越强。“13亿人本是‘汪洋大海’,拥有很强的分担风险能力,但如果社保以县为单位进行统筹,等于变成了2700多个‘小水塘’,其分担风险的能力非常有限。”

除去降低分担风险的能力外,中央财经大学教授诸福灵曾在2012年表示,尽管基本养老保险基金实行省级核算,但结存基金受托存储在市(地)县一级,形成了1000多个小规模基金,缺少保值增值机制和手段,贬值严重。根据统计,2007—2008年的养老保险基金的平均利息率分别为1.79%和2.16%,低于一年期存款利息率水平。

此外,李玲认为未能实现全国统筹还会造成地区间的不公平,比如很多在东南沿海省份打工并在当地缴费的劳动力就来自东北;同时也会阻碍劳动力的自由流动。

其实,国家一直在推动基础养老金统筹层次的提升。2007 年,原劳动和社会保障部、财政部联合下发《关于推进企业职工基本养老保险省级统筹有关问题的通知》;“全面落实城镇职工基本养老保险省级统筹,实现基础养老金全国统筹”在2011年3月便出现在“十二五”规划纲要中;而今年3月公布的“十三五”规划纲要同样提出,实现职工基础养老金全国统筹。

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