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打击整治“不合理低价游”三问

2017-09-16 09:16:42   央广网

在执法检查中,只认为某家旅行社的产品线路为“不合理低价”,可能旅游执法部门并无充足的理由进行查处。因为仅从“价格低”来说,旅行社可以搬出很多理由来说明价格是合理的甚至是合法的:《反不正当竞争法》中规定,“经营者不得以排挤竞争对手为目的,以低于成本的价格销售商品。有下列情形之一的,不属于不正当竞争行为:(一)销售鲜活商品;(二)处理有效期限即将到期的商品或者其他积压的商品;(三)季节性降价;(四)因清偿债务、转产、歇业降价销售商品。”其中第(二)项、第(三)项规定,似乎就是为一些旅行社经营低价旅游线路准备的以对抗旅游执法检查的理由。

那么我们就有必要再看下《旅游法》第三十五条是怎么说的,从三十五条的表述来看,“不合理低价”只是手段,其目的是“诱骗旅游者”,结果是“通过安排购物或者另行付费旅游项目获取回扣等不正当利益”。

因此从三十五条前两款的全文分析,“不合理低价”这个“以部分指全部”“以特征指本体”的说法,应当具备三个要件:一是“低价”作为“诱骗”手段;二是“安排购物或者另行付费旅游项目”;三是“获取回扣等不正当利益”。

不过,单纯从这三个条件来看,似乎都可以找到合理的理由:

其一,说旅行社“低价”,旅行社可以给出“低价”的千万种合理理由。

其二,说旅行社“安排购物和另行付费项目”,《旅游法》第三十五条第二款规定了“但是,经双方协商一致或者旅游者要求,且不影响其他旅游者行程安排的除外”,只要旅行社和旅游者双方签字认可的行程单中写明了购物活动和另行付费项目,难道不是“双方协商一致”的证明吗?

其三,说旅行社从购物场所或另行付费项目获取利益,也不能当然认为是违法,按照《反不正当竞争法》第八条规定“经营者销售或者购买商品,可以以明示方式给对方折扣,可以给中间人佣金。经营者给对方折扣、给中间人佣金的,必须如实入账。接受折扣、佣金的经营者必须如实入账。”只要经营者合法入账,也是合法的经营行为。(关于旅行社收取购物场所佣金的合法性分析,见笔者于2016年8月18日在本报发表的《购物店的佣金与政府的奖励》一文)。

但是三个独立的合法行为,组合在一起,其性质可能发生变化:如果某家旅行社号称自己的线路低价是“阶段性促销”“尾货甩卖”,同时又和游客“协商一致”在旅游行程中安排了指定的购物场所和另行付费项目,又收取了该购物场所的佣金,而获取的佣金又正好是用来弥补其“低价”,这个低价也正是“诱骗”旅游者来报名参团的一个诱因,那么这一连串的行为就可以被认定为违反了《旅游法》第三十五条的规定,就可以按照第九十八条进行处罚——当然,对于执法部门来说,获取这一连串的证据确实很难。

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