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如何厘清改编作品中的权利关系 听听法官怎么说

2017-09-14 14:37:22   中国青年网

另外,杨德嘉建议权利人在签订的改编合同和相关的法律文件里不要使用类似“抄袭”这样的表述,因为在著作权法中有明确规定的权项,如果用“抄袭”一词在实践中很容易产生误解和分歧,更别说这些没有规定的概念,如果使用有可能会造成混乱,因此,不建议大家使用这样的语言表述。

作者授权后

界定保护作品完整权应从宽

去年,《鬼吹灯》作者张牧野起诉电影《九层妖塔》歪曲篡改原著一案引起业界关注。该案件的争议焦点之一涉及保护作品完整权的理解。法院对保护作品完整权是怎样认定的呢?

保护作品完整权是“保护作品不受歪曲、篡改的权利”。在司法实践中,主要以是不是会造成公众对原作品作者的评价降低或者声誉损害,作为侵害保护作品完整权的要件。比如张牧野诉电影《九层妖塔》判决中,法院认为,在电影对长篇小说进行改编时,必然要对原著的情节、人物关系等进行改编,不能简单依据是否改动、改动多少来进行判断,要综合考虑是否超出了必要范围,降低了原著的社会评价,损害了作者声誉。判决认为,从网友的评价来看,他们批评的对象都是针对电影,而不是对小说。张牧野提供的证据不能证明电影的改编、摄制行为损害了小说作者的声誉。电影不构成对张牧野保护作品完整权的侵犯。杨德嘉对此强调说,只有当改编作品带来的评价波及原作者的时候,才考虑到使用保护作品完整权。

“改编作品侵害原作者作品完整权应该有一个界定标准,即是不是经过许可。如果没有经过许可,擅自使用他人作品,我觉得应该相对从严;但若是经过许可,认定授权改编的作品是否侵害原作者保护作品完整权,在把握的时候应当从宽,而不是从严把握,要给予改编人充分的空间去进行改编。”杨德嘉认为,不应该让保护作品完整权成为悬在改编者和制片者头上的“达摩克利斯之剑”。另外,从务实的角度、市场的发展来说,如果作品在授权的前提下,应当慎重地认定侵犯保护作品完整权。

少量引用原作

有可能认定为合理使用

在当前著作权相关纠纷中,合理使用是一个抗辩的主要要素。在改编权纠纷中,合理使用应该怎样界定?杨德嘉认为,改编作品中如果使用了少量原作的表达或者情节适当地引用,那应该放在合理使用里面,而不是侵权。

比如《千古功臣张学良》案件,原告写了一个关于张学良的小说,被告单田芳也写了一个《千古功臣张学良》小说,里面有十几处情节是原告小说作者虚构的。原告的作品花了三五页着重写了这些情节,在被告的评述中一句带过了。那被告是否侵犯了原告的权利?杨德嘉认为,两部小说相同内容所占的比例是非常少的——也就是十几个字,比较集中的部分也只有几百字的内容。而且表达上又完全不一样,一个是口语化的作品,另外一个是相对文学化的作品,基于这些,他认为这是在一定范围内的合理借鉴,最终没有认定侵权。

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