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“航空发动机有上万个零部件,涡轮叶片是其中一个关键部件,即使有铼加入,需要在合金中怎么加,加多少,这些都是要认真研究的课题。”王光秋说。
新一代发动机总效率是热效率和推进效率之积
“航空发动机是一个综合的系统工程,其总效率是热效率和推进效率之积。”王光秋说,增加航空发动机的效率来自两个部分,分别是热效率和推进效率。目前最新一代发动机的热效率大约是50%,推进效率约为80%。
王光秋告诉记者,以目前最先进的波音787和空客350为例,其使用的发动机总效率即略高于40%。
“通过使用含有铼元素的单晶涡轮叶片,提高燃气温度增加热效率,是实现提高发动机总效率的路径之一。另一方面,当今航空发动机也通过增加推进效率达到提高总效率的目标。”王光秋说。
两种效率各占多少,也是研制航空发动机的难点。“通过提高燃气温度,相应也增加了氮氧化物的排放;温度高又增加空气流速,噪声也加大了。”王光秋说。
航空发动机工作原理显示,一台航空发动机包括低压压气机、高压压气机、高压涡轮和低压涡轮,中间还有一个环形燃烧室。“这些结构,工作的温度、压力环境都不一样,其使用的材料也不同。而金属铼,则主要是针对主压涡轮叶片。”王光秋认为,由于物理条件的限制,通过增加温度提高热效率比较困难,现代航空发动机,主要是通过增大涵道比提高推进效率,从而达到提高发动机总效率,并实现节能减排的目标。
(原标题:先进航空发动机不会只因“铼”而到来)
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