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新闻分析:美国为何深度依赖俄制火箭发动机

2017-09-13 15:06:26   新华网

新华社北京9月13日电 新闻分析:美国为何深度依赖俄制火箭发动机

新华社记者赵嫣 刘莉莉

据美国媒体报道,美国在未来10年内将不得不继续使用俄罗斯RD-180火箭发动机发射本国火箭。近年来美国政界多次传出声音,质疑美国军方在美国对俄罗斯实施制裁的同时仍然使用俄制火箭发动机。分析人士认为,美国持续使用俄制火箭发动机有多重原因,这一深度依赖的状况短期内难以改变。

据《华尔街日报》报道,美国国防部将向联合发射联盟公司购买安装RD-180发动机的“宇宙神-5”火箭直至2024年或2025年。同时,五角大楼在2028年前可能一直需要向俄购买火箭发动机。

美俄1997年签署了101台RD-180发动机的买卖合同,价值约10亿美元。由于美俄关系恶化,美国国会此前曾下令禁止在2019年之后继续使用俄发动机,随后又取消了这一禁令。之后,联合发射联盟公司向俄罗斯加购了20台RD-180发动机。

美国对这一火箭发动机的依赖首先是由于这一发动机的良好性能和稳定性。RD-180是由俄罗斯国有动力机械科研生产联合体生产制造的一款双燃烧室、双喷嘴火箭发动机,由RD-170系列衍生而来,不仅继承了RD-170发动机的富氧预燃室设计,而且还采用共享涡轮泵和高压分级燃烧循环,真空推力超过400吨、比冲3052米每秒,发动机效率更高。

国防科技大学国际关系学院外军研究中心副主任、副教授方晓志说,无论在推力、重量、还是可靠性方面,RD-180火箭发动机都堪称目前世界上同级别产品中最优秀的产品,是各国大推力火箭发动机的首选。

美国从上世纪九十年代开始在其运载火箭上使用RD-180发动机,先后完成了月球、火星、冥王星和木星探测任务。据官方资料,20多年来,成功发射了70多枚安装这种发动机的火箭,仅出现一次故障,充分证明了这一类型发动机的稳定性。

美国依赖这种发动机的第二个原因是价格低廉。据方晓志介绍,一台RD-180火箭发动机仅需约1000万美元,而美国航空喷气-洛克达因公司提出的LOX AR-1型火箭发动机方案,单台报价就达2500万美元,并且这个报价还没有分摊美国10亿美元的研发费用。

价格低廉成为俄制发动机吸引美国的最大优势。在近年来美国对航天预算进行大幅缩减的背景下,节省的资金可以用来发展隐形战机、战略导弹、核潜艇、航母等海空军项目。

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