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武松案:复仇者的免死金律

2017-09-08 08:16:56   中国青年网

按照《宋刑统·斗讼》“斗殴杀人”条载:“以刃及故杀人者,斩。”“诸斗殴杀人者,绞。”由此,不论将武松的行为定性为“斗杀”或“故杀”,其结果非绞即斩。武松之所以在法定刑之外被从轻处罚,关键性的一点是其行为性质属于复仇。

复仇一直是传统社会里非常棘手的法律问题。一方面,杀人行为触犯法律,应当接受法律惩罚;而另一方面,基于其复仇性质,其本身却又合乎儒家倡导的孝道伦理。正是因为存在这种冲突,在立法层面上,传统的制度干脆回避了复仇问题,复仇案件的判决,往往由案件的具体承办人员(甚至包括皇帝)酌情进行裁量。法律实务中,人们在面对个案的时候,往往陷入情与法的漩涡,顾此失彼、进退失据。

唐代武后年间,发生徐元庆为父复仇案,史书载:武后“欲赦之”。不想却遭到时任右拾遗的陈子昂的反对,他给出了一个现代人看来近乎荒诞的处理办法,即:“正国之法,置之以刑,然后旌其闾墓,嘉其徽烈。”意思是,对待徐元庆案,必须按照法律,处徐元庆以死刑,之后,给予其嘉奖、厚葬。

在《驳复雔议》中,柳宗元细致地分析了陈子昂所提处理方案存在的悖论,痛陈这种处理方式可能引起的危害性后果,并提出了自己的解决策略。在他看来,处理复仇案件的恰当方式,就要先搞清楚是非曲直,如果徐元庆之父蒙冤而死,那么,徐手刃仇人后自首,是“守礼而行义也”,即是无罪的;相反,如果徐元庆的父亲确犯死罪,那么,徐元庆向作出执行死刑判决的官吏复仇,就是犯罪,应该追究其法律责任;相比前两者观点的明快,韩愈对待复仇案件的观点还多了些模糊和含混——在他看来,“……不许复仇,则伤孝子之心,而乖先王之训;许复仇,则人将倚法专杀,无以禁止其端”,最好的办法就是“下尚书省集议,酌其宜而处之”。由此,传统社会里,复仇是一项司法人员须谨慎面对的重大课题,对于人子、兄弟间“尽孝”的复仇行为,很难严格按照国法处置。

东平府府尹陈文昭的精明恰在于此。在阳谷知县那里,虽然“念武松是个义气烈汉,又想他上京去了这一遭,一心要周全他,又寻思他的好处”,有意为武松开脱,但仅仅是杜撰了一些经不起推敲的情节而已,对武大的死因,特别是对武松杀人行为的复仇性质丝毫没有涉及。而东平府的陈府尹强调的就是复仇,因为要减轻或免除武松的罪责,非如此不可。正是由于陈府尹的努力,在案件的终审判决中,涉及武松部分,开头就是“系报兄仇,斗杀西门庆奸夫人命”。也正是这句“系报兄仇”,武松没有被判死刑,而是“脊杖四十,刺配二千里外”。这大概是武松以及作为读者的我们,能够接受的一个结果。

然而,在宋代,除去少数非典型的复仇案件外,绝大多数案件,当事人均获得“义之”“特贷之”的无罪判决。据台湾学者陈登武的考证,唐中叶以后,只有一个复仇的案例中案犯被处死,北宋和南宋总共也只有一个案例。由是观之,在当时的司法语境下,综合武大之冤,西门庆、潘金莲、王婆之恶,武松复仇行为的光明磊落等诸多因素,武松的行为不但不能被追究责任,相反,是应该予以嘉叙的,要“壮其烈而释之”。

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