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为什么要把家庭教育写入民法典
2017-09-07 04:16:51 中国青年网
我国现行法律、法规和政策性文件对家庭教育有所规范,但不够全面系统。2006年修订的未成年人保护法在家庭保护一章强调“父母或者其他监护人应当学习家庭教育知识,正确履行监护职责,抚养教育未成年人。有关国家机关和社会组织应当为未成年人的父母或者其他监护人提供家庭教育指导”。2016年实施的反家庭暴力法要求“未成年人的监护人应当以文明的方式进行家庭教育,依法履行监护和教育职责,不得实施家庭暴力”。《中国儿童发展纲要(2011—2020年)》以及全国妇联、教育部等九部委出台的《关于指导推进家庭教育的五年规划(2016—2020年)》提出将家庭教育指导服务纳入城乡公共服务体系。到2020年,90%的城市社区和80%的行政村建立家长学校或家庭教育指导服务点,基本建成适应城乡发展、满足家长和儿童需求的家庭教育指导服务体系,推进家庭教育立法的进程。
上述法律法规及政策措施,为各级政府和社会组织开展家庭教育指导与服务提供了依据,但其性质属于公法和社会法规范。从私法层面推进家庭教育立法刻不容缓。
父母是开展家庭教育的主要执行者
民法常常被形象地称为社会生活的“百科全书”。将家庭教育相关内容融入民法体系,就是要在亲属编中对家庭教育活动予以私法的规范。这不仅是完善我国家庭教育法律法规政策框架体系的必要步骤,更是将“弘扬社会主义核心价值观”这一民法立法宗旨在亲属编中予以贯彻的体现。
父母对未成年子女负有抚养教育的义务,一直为我国宪法、婚姻法、未成年人保护法所强调。今年3月颁布的民法总则在监护制度中进一步重申父母对未成年子女的抚养、教育和保护义务。父母作为未成年子女的首要监护人,是开展家庭教育的主要执行者。如何全面履行对儿童的监护职责,正确开展家庭道德教育,确保儿童在良好的家庭环境中得到全面发展与健康成长,是父母亲职的重要内容,也是长久以来在基本法律层面疏于规范的深层次问题。现实生活中,家庭教育无师自通的观念普遍存在,“虎妈”“鹰爸”的个案时有发生,“养而不教”与“教而无方”的现象并存,这些都与民法这一基础性法律中缺乏对家庭教育的基本规范不无关系。
民法可从三方面对家庭教育予以规范
从民法的私法属性和亲属关系的伦理性特征出发,我国民法亲属编对家庭教育的规范,可从三方面展开。
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