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邓建鹏:正确认识ICO非法集资的风险

2017-09-06 20:21:43   央广网

我国刑法中的财物是一个包容量较大的概念,可以包含有体物、无体物和财产性利益。比特币等所谓虚拟货币通过私钥,具备管理可能性,;其次,比特币可以被所有权人转移至其它比特币地址;再次,比特币等可以在各交易平台自由买卖,可以同多种法定货币双向兑换,给持有人带来真实的物质利益。故而其可以被纳入《刑法》第九十二条第四款“依法归个人所有的股份、股票、债券和其他财产”中的“其他财产”。

非法集资是个笼统的说法,在我国刑法中,其主要涉及“非法吸收公众存款、变相吸收公众存款罪”以及“集资诈骗罪”等。通常,ICO募集的是投资者手中的比特币等。那么,这是否不属于《刑法》以及最高人民法院关于“非法集资”相关条款对“存款”(非法吸收公众存款罪)或“资金”(非法集资)的解释范畴?

国务院于1998年4月颁布了《非法金融机构和非法金融业务活动取缔办法》(以下简称《取缔办法》),第四条对“非法金融业务活动”进行规定时,对“非法吸收公众存款或变相吸收公众存款”作出如下解释:“非法吸收公众存款,是指未经中国人民银行批准,向社会不特定对象吸收资金,出具凭证,承诺在一定期限内还本付息的活动;所称变相吸收公众存款,是指未经中国人民银行批准,不以吸收公众存款的名义,向社会不特定对象吸收资金,但承诺履行的义务与吸收公众存款性质相同的活动。”根据该条规定,“非法吸收公众存款或者变相吸收公众存款”是未经批准向社会吸收资金而许以资金回报的经济活动,是与“非法集资”行为相并列的非法金融活动的表现形式。非法集资行为中的“资金”,既包括金钱(如法定货币),也包括其它财物。这里的“资金”,指国家用于发展国民经济的物资或货币以及经营工商业的本钱。因此,比特币可以包括在非法集资概念关于“资金”的内涵中。

进一步,在司法实践中,“非法吸收公众存款罪”构成要素中的“公众存款”实质上被等同于“社会资金”。因此,司法认定本罪的主要标准为国务院于1998年颁布的《取缔办法》。《取缔办法》将非法吸收公众存款罪中的“公众存款”等同为“社会资金”。

“两高一部”于2011年出台的《关于审理非法集资刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》以及2014年颁布的《关于审理非法集资刑事案件适用若干问题的意见》,均将“非法吸收公众存款”概括与笼统描述为“非法集资”,并以非法集资的违法概念来理解本罪所涉及的前提法行为的规制范围。在司法实践中,以行为主体“是否具有占有他人资金的目的”作为认定非法吸收公众存款罪的判断标准。

因此,ICO所募集的比特币等所谓虚拟货币,可以被视为“社会资金”的范畴,进而在司法实践中视作“公众存款”。综上所述,虚构ICO项目,纳入非法集资的范畴,有充分的法律依据。

近年来,ICO在发挥区块链创业项目融资方面原本发挥了无以伦比的优势。但是,当前中国大量ICO项目夹杂着各种欺诈行为,非法集资的风险难以避免。正确认识这些ICO项目可能涉及非法集资的法律风险,有助于项目发起人提前去除某些逍遥法外的不切实际的妄想。央行发布相关公告的同时,大量代币价格应声大降。这实质上是一些毫无实质对应项目的代币前期累积高风险所致。央行等监管部门及时出手,一是及时挤压泡沫,打击涉嫌非法集资的违法者;二是向公众提示风险,使之远离非法集资带来的冲击;三是在大量ICO项目涉嫌欺诈的前提下,及时叫停ICO,阻断风险的蔓延与扩散;四是提出要求清理整顿代币融资与交易平台,以控制风险在二级市场的传播。我们期待这次监管有效打击那些传销币和空气币,同时鼓励真正的区块链创新项目稳健发展。  

(作者:邓建鹏 中央民族大学法学院教授)

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