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“红颜杀手”早期检出率不足三成

2017-09-06 06:02:04   中国青年网

宫颈癌疫苗只有七成保护率

宫颈癌15年“年轻”10岁

宫颈癌风险

早期就诊不足一成

●性生活过早

●性伴侣过多

●多次人流

“35岁以下的年轻宫颈癌病人越来越多。”妇瘤科主任吴绪峰教授介绍,2015年全国宫颈癌平均发病年龄44.7岁,较2000年提前了10年。其中,小于35岁年轻宫颈癌比例达到16%。“我们接诊的最小的宫颈癌患者才19岁,女孩14岁就发生了性关系,先后交过4个男朋友。”

“性生活过早、性伴侣过多和多次人流是宫颈癌最大的幕后黑手。”吴绪峰解释,18岁以下的女孩宫颈上皮没有发育成熟,更容易受到HPV病毒的“攻击”;反复多次人流给宫颈和子宫内膜造成了损伤,HPV病毒在创面上更容易繁殖。

项目负责人马全富博士说,临床上很多女性在筛查出HPV阳性时,以为自己得了宫颈癌,非常恐慌。其实,80%的女性在一生中都感染过HPV病毒,八成以上的人1年内能自动被免疫系统清除。剩下的两成人中,又有80%的人在2年内将病毒清除。他表示,只有在高危HPV病毒持续感染下,才可能会发展为宫颈癌,这个过程平均在8-10年左右。

“HPV病毒感染并不可怕,关键是早发现并及时阻断。”马全富博士惋惜地说,门诊早期来就诊的宫颈癌患者不足一成。

定期接受“两癌筛查”很重要

半个月前,马全富博士接诊了一个21岁的大学生。女孩因盆腔包块前来就诊,得知她已经有3年性生活史,便建议她做一个宫颈癌筛查,结果显示是阳性。及时给她做了锥切手术,病理显示是宫颈癌前病变。“幸亏做了筛查及早发现,拖下去很可能保不住子宫和卵巢。”马全富博士说,年轻女孩的宫颈早期病变都在表浅,手术对生育功能不会造成影响。

跟乳腺癌容易摸到包块不同,宫颈藏在身体深处,早期没有特别症状,宫颈刷片检查也很难发现。马全富博士指出,国内宫颈癌筛查指南中明确指出,凡是有性行为的女性都应该定期接受宫颈癌筛查。目前推行的是“双筛”方案,即HPV+TCT检查。单纯的HPV检查漏诊率高达50%,“双筛”准确率在90%。

怎么筛?如果连续两次“双筛”结果阴性,可以3-5年筛查一次;如果HPV是阳性,需要做分型检测,如果16、18亚型阳性,必须做阴道镜确认是否存在宫颈病变。这种情况,10年内发生宫颈癌前病变及宫颈癌的可能在30%左右。如果是其他亚型阳性,结合TCT检查结果。TCT结果阴性,一年后复查;如果是阳性,做阴道镜排除宫颈癌。

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