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独家版权模式纷争不断,国外的经验值得借鉴

2017-09-05 07:50:48   中国青年网

为了更好地监测版权使用情况,美国三大著作权管理组织还通过对电台、电视、网站以及表演场所等可能的音乐版权使用场合进行密切的计算和监测。比如,广播组织出身的BMI拥有一套遍布全美地区的电台扫描检测系统,全天候监测全国超过2000家大小电台,并自动匹配、计算音乐作品的使用情况,遏制了版权侵权行为。

值得注意的是,针对现场表演,ASCAP和BMI还为此分别研制开发了Onstage、BMILive系统,鼓励会员自己上传作品被现场表演的基本信息,如演出信息、歌曲名字等。PROs再根据这些演出的规模、类型等因素,来计算音乐作品的版税收益。

2)欧盟模式:音乐曲库在欧盟范围内统一管理,允许跨区域使用

欧盟模式相比美国模式跨区域性质更加明显。1926年,为了巩固和加强协作关系,欧洲国家18个著作权集体管理组织在巴黎成立了国际作者作曲者协会联合会(简称CISAC),成为欧盟比较有代表性的著作权集体管理组织。

2014年,欧盟委员会通过的《关于著作权和邻接权以及内部市场音乐作品线上使用的跨国权利许可指令》(简称《指令》),明文规定权利人可以自由加入或退出著作权集体管理组织。同时,新增音乐作品线上权利的跨国许可,减少了地域阻隔性,在版权使用费的收取和分配方面进行调整,细化了内外部监督机制。在提升透明度的同时,为互联网时代下音乐作品的广泛传播提供了极大便利。这让《指令》被誉为是欧盟著作权集体管理制度发展史上的里程碑,推动了欧盟文化一体化进程。

在欧盟音乐著作权的集体管理中,目前存在着曲库独立和曲库合并两种情况。环球、索尼、华纳等全球大型唱片公司,可以将其曲库独立授权给某个组织(例如环球授权给DEAL),并在欧盟范围内统一管理,进行跨区域使用。除此之外,各国著作权集体管理组织之间也会共同成立相关机构,合并管理各自曲库在欧盟范围内的跨区域授权。例如,英国PRS、德国GEMA、瑞典STIM就共同设立ICE,统一管理网络跨区域授权。

欧盟各国在音乐著作权方面两百多年的丰富经验,使其著作权集体管理组织运行机制更加成熟,可以有效集中资源,发挥规模效应,减少管理成本。更避免了因管理范围重叠引发的权限不清问题,可以最大程度上实现著作权人的利益。

三、不管是美国还是欧盟,均对独家版权模式严加限制

虽然欧美版权管理制度略有不同,但却有一个明显的共同点是:不公平的待遇、独家的许可和差别价格不被认可。即便是在少部分允许独家许可的国家,也会在法律层面对独家版权进行严加限制。

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