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独家版权模式纷争不断,国外的经验值得借鉴

2017-09-05 07:50:48   中国青年网

不同于中国唱片公司和在线音乐服务商私下约定版权许可费,多数国家都会指定专门机构监督集体管理组织的许可费标准。比如,英国版权裁判庭、德国专利局、法国文化部等,通过司法或行政当局直接依法接介入许可费争议,确立合理的许可费标准。版权价格通常是公开透明的。以美国ASCAP为例,一个小规模的夜店每年需要付出的版权费大约在200美元至700美元。在版权问题上实行价格歧视将被被告上法庭。法国SACEM就曾因对当地迪厅的收费比德国GEMA的收费高出15倍,被法庭认为触犯了《罗马条约》第86条遭到处罚,成为著作权史上的知名案例。

各著作权管理组织通常会在收取的版权许可费用中提取一定比例费用,以维持组织生存。例如,美国ASCAP和BMI每年各收取15%版税,其余85%分配给对应的词曲作者和词曲代理商。而SESAC作为盈利性公司,收费则高达50%。非盈利组织因为低廉的管理费明显更受小权利人欢迎。在美国,ASCAP和BMI的市场份额占到了97%,而SESAC仅占约3%。

5、国外著作权管理组织的版权管理及转售方式

国外著作权集体管理组织的存在,本质上是国外用第三方的制度、法制力量,对版权进行统一管理,统一价格,平等授权,并以此限制和预防独家版权模式。其目的就是规范版权市场,合理化转授权费用,将版权垄断的可能性扼杀在摇篮,同时保障音乐人、唱片公司、用户的利益,保证市场的充分竞争。在具体的版权运作方式上,各地均有不同规定,但共同点是均对独家版权模式做出了严格限制。

1)美国模式:音乐使用者可获得一揽子授权许可或单一项目许可

美国ASCAP在1917年开创了一揽子许可授权方式(blanketlicense)的先例,将大量音乐作品一次性授权给使用者,再以会员制的方式按年收取费用。在线音乐服务商等音乐使用者无需提供播放内容列表,只需每年结算一次版税。这种许可模式的优点显而易见:避免了版权人在作品使用中与使用者之间重复协商的成本,同时也方便了使用者对作品的利用,提高了音乐作品的利用率。当然,它也存在一定的缺点,比如曲库搭售,歌曲质量鱼龙混杂等。

为了优化一揽子授权许可的不足,1941年美国司法部与ASCAP、BMI达成合意裁决(ConsentDecree),允许集体著作权管理组织采用一揽子许可或单一项目许可(perprogrambasis)两种途径进行授权。不同于一揽子许可,单一项目授权许可需要音乐使用者定期向著作权管理组织提供具体的播放内容(通常为每月一次),版税结算也视具体情况而定。

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