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独家版权模式纷争不断,国外的经验值得借鉴

2017-09-05 07:50:48   中国青年网

美国司法部上世纪三四十年代曾多次起诉著作权管理组织ASCAP,并使其最终达成同意令。同意令的要求主要有四点:1、ASCAP对相似的音乐服务商应一视同仁,不可在许可使用费、许可期限、许可条件方面实施差别待遇;2、ASCAP不可获得独家许可,这意味着音乐使用人既可以向ASCAP寻求版权许可,也可以直接从其会员处获得许可;3、征收的费率比和版税数额应保证合理、客观。4、音乐使用方与ASCAP就许可费率无法达成一致时,可提交纽约南区法院就费率作出裁决。在裁决结果完成之前,音乐使用方可持续使用,并不被视为侵权。

总结而言,其核心是禁止集体管理组织谋求独家版权,同时规定应平等向音乐使用者发放许可。美国后续推出的《1995年录音制品数字表演权法案》也对版权许可做了许多规定。如录音制品版权人授权交互式音乐服务商独家版权许可的期限不得超过12个月。对拥有著作权量不超过一千首的录音制品许可人而言,不得超过24个月;且该被许可人在上述独家许可期限13个月内不得再次取得该独家许可,除非该许可人已经且仍保持对至少五家不同的交互式服务商提供了许可,且每家许可的录音制品数量不少于许可人拥有著作权的全部录音制品的10%,且绝对数量不少于50首,或该独家许可权仅用于完全为录音制品促销之目的进行的最长45秒的公开表演。”除了美国,德国《关于著作权与有关保护权的法律》对制作录音制品也做了强制许可规定,要求音乐作品创作人在授予一家唱片公司版权后,作者或获得独家许可的第三方有义务以合理条件许可任何其它唱片公司版权。以欧美等发达市场为例,环球等唱片公司在各集体著作权管理组织的管理下,其音乐版权不只授权给了美国苹果公司的AppleMusic、iTunes平台,还授权给了Facebook、Pandora、瑞典Spotify(世界第一大数字音乐服务平台)和法国的Deezer等,而在中国却仅授权给了一家公司。

可以说,国外市场基本不存在对数字音乐服务商提供独家许可的先例。即便是在中国,2013年之前互联网数字授权的模式也是非独家版权许可。直到2013年起,在腾讯和三大唱片公司的推动下,中国才开始“特殊”了一回,并引发了后续和阿里音乐、百度音乐、网易云音乐等的版权之争。

中国音著协:困境中的尴尬

成立于1992年的中国音乐著作协会,是中国大陆唯一的音乐著作权集体管理组织,也是专门维护作曲者、作词者和其他音乐著作权人合法权益的非营利性机构。中国音乐著作协会的职能性质与法国等欧洲著作权集体管理组织相似。不过,从目前实际情况来看,音著协的作用远远未能得到发挥,陷入了“名不副实”的尴尬,其主要阻碍便来自在线音乐平台。

据网络公开资料,腾讯音乐娱乐集团接连拿下华纳、索尼、环球的独家音乐版权,其版权曲库占到了中国总曲库的90%。这意味着,腾讯音乐已经部分取代了音著协的社会职能,成为中国实际意义上的音乐版权管理组织。

名义和实际的脱节,是中国音著协近年来无法回避的尴尬。中国音乐界如何用智慧化解这一尴尬,排解各家之间的版权争端,真正推动中国音乐行业健康发展,这正是行业需要讨论、深思的问题。(来源:王易见)

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