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学科交叉是怎样在芝加哥大学实现的

2017-09-05 07:26:58   央广网

20世纪40年代,为深化学科交叉,芝大组建了一系列跨学科委员会,如“人类进化”“社会思想”“种族关系”“传播”等委员会。其中,经济史学家小约翰·内夫召集了来自人类学、经济学、哲学、社会学等领域的专家加入“社会思想委员会”共同开展研究,甚至著名小说家也在其中,是为当时芝大交叉范围最广的跨学科委员会,为快速发展的社会思想研究作出卓越贡献。而最早成立的“人类进化委员会”整合了生物科学部和自然科学部的学术资源,是“跨学部交叉”的成功典范。即使是在传统色彩浓厚的神学院,也曾展开讨论宗教与艺术关系等问题的学科交叉项目。时至今日,有许多委员会仍在承担重大合作研究项目,也有一些演变为学科核心,甚至独立建系。

尽管学科交叉的热点多集中于社会最迫切关注的应用领域,但这并不意味着可以抛弃基础。一方面,跨学科研究只有以深厚扎实的基础知识为依托,才能避免成为无根之木,进而开花结果;另一方面,学科交叉意识和能力需要经过长期培养,学生必须掌握开放、批判的思维方式,并拥有较全面的人文和科学素养。因此大学必须在本科阶段开展通识教育,否则各学科将随专业细分失去共同文化语言,不同领域学者再难产生共鸣。哈钦斯在芝大建立新的四年制本科生院,并启动“名著阅读计划”,要求所有学生在进入专业研究前以现代视角研读西方经典,加强基础学习。尽管这种超前的理念曾一度成为众矢之的,但实践证明,本科通识教育对学科交叉研究提供了有力支撑,交叉学科成果又能促进基础学科自身发展,二者相得益彰。

90年代末,芝加哥大学启动又一轮本科教育改革,进一步促进学科融合。本科生必须在前两年修满涵盖人文、社会科学和自然科学核心基础的15门通识课程,同时可供选的交叉学科课程数量也大幅增加。

学科交叉成为芝大不变传统

时至今日,学科交叉已经成为芝加哥大学教学与科研不变的传统,成为一种基因被学校教职员工继承和发扬。

芝大政治学系讲席教授、芝大北京中心创始主任杨大利的学科背景涵盖了工程、外语、历史、政治,据他介绍,促成多个领域的学科交叉和跨学科项目对芝大人而言已成为一种固定思维和行事习惯。以法律与经济学交叉研究项目为例,诺奖得主罗纳德·哈里·科斯是这个项目的开创者之一。他接受的是经济学教育,长期研究的领域为制度经济学,但到芝加哥大学后却被聘为了法学院教授,直至荣休。就是在这种环境下,他和法学院的同事一起开启了法律与经济学研究工作。在几代学者长期不断的探索和努力下,法律与经济学早已发展成为一门学科。为了扩大该学科的研究边界,及为东亚地区培养人才,芝加哥大学专门创办了法律和经济学暑期班,来自中国多个高校的不同学术背景的年轻学者都参加过这个暑期研讨活动,由此产生的新成果进而引发了更大规模的交流。

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