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科学课回归本源焕发应有光彩

2017-08-31 07:06:42   央广网

随着科学课程标准的颁布,小学科学教育初步完成了新的内容布局,但是未来的建设与发展之路还很漫长和曲折,所承担的逐步提升公民科学素养的任务还很艰巨。

按照《义务教育小学科学课程标准》规定,从2017年秋季学期开始,科学课由原来的三年级调整为一年级,并且在课程性质上作为基础,纳为必修。这一举动体现了教育部对提升中小学生科学素养的关注和决心,也展现了其全新的科学教育布局。

下移至一年级,彰显的是科学课的“回归”态势。2001年第八次全国基础教育课程改革之前,在小学开设自然课,开设年级为一年级,其性质为科学启蒙课程,主要讲基本的自然常识,包括天文、地理、物理、化学、生物等方面的知识与基本方法。课改后,将自然课改为科学课,起始年级也从一年级变为三年级,并将科学教育布局由原来的“自然课当家”调整为品德与生活、科学课程相衔接的方式。

此次科学课从三年级下移至一年级正巧赶上品德与生活课改为道德与法制。由于道德与法制课主要帮助儿童理解社会生活,逐步形成道德认识、道德情感和道德判断能力,养成遵纪守法的行为习惯,以前所承载的科学早期启蒙有所淡化,而下移至一年级的科学课恰逢其时地弥补了可能会产生的空白。

得以回归的科学课,其性质也有较大改变。一方面,由原来的“启蒙课程”改为“基础课程”,进一步加强和突出了科学课程的基础性地位,也昭示着科学课从一年级开始纳入核心课程系列。同时,进一步明确了科学课程是一门实践性课程。作为实践性课程,探究活动就成为学生学习本学科的重要方式,为了使探究活动能够激发儿童的兴趣,活动的设计必须从学生熟悉的日常生活出发,通过学生亲身经历、动手动脑等实践活动,了解科学探究的具体方法和技能,尝试用科学方法和科学知识解决生活中的问题,在问题解决中培养科学态度,加强与同伴的交流、交往。另外,还明确提出科学课程是一门综合性课程。其综合性既体现在从物质科学、生命科学、地球和宇宙科学、技术与工程四个领域,综合呈现科学知识和科学方法,强调这四个领域知识之间的相互渗透和相互联系,也体现在要注重自然世界的整体性,强调科学课程与并行开设的语文、数学等课程相互渗透,通过学科间整合的形式,实现学科联动,促进儿童的完整发展。

随着科学课程标准的颁布,小学科学教育初步完成了新的内容布局,但是未来的建设与发展之路还很漫长和曲折,所承担的逐步提升公民科学素养的任务还很艰巨。2010年底中国科学技术协会曾对外发布第8次中国公民科学素养调查结果,调查发现中国大陆具备基本科学素养的公民比例仅有3.27%。科技是第一生产力,公民科学素养的高低不仅影响着生活质量,更关乎一个国家的综合国力,一个近97%的公民不具基本科学素养的国家,如何能实现伟大复兴?由此可见,提升公民的科学素养已刻不容缓。

为了使科学课程真正成为促进儿童科学素养发展的核心助力,让科学给每一个孩子插上创新的翅膀,向着小小科学家的理想飞翔,初步完成内容布局后的小学科学教育,还需要进一步做好整体规划和机制建设,深入探索多种方式、渠道推进。为此,未来还需重视几项基本任务,如让探究活动成为儿童学习科学的主要方式,重视培养孩子的创新能力、动手操作和实践能力;从生活出发,关注学生的实际需求,生活中的儿童是最有安全感和最有创新火花的;多渠道吸引专家资源,让高端专家进入小学,让学生有机会在科学家身边成长。除此之外,还要进一步加强科学教师培训,促进专业发展,加强科学教材及配套资源建设,探索数字化科学教育资源的开发与供给。如此,才能真正建立起科学课程开发与实施的长效评价机制,让学生拥有较高的科学素养。

(作者系北京市教科院课程中心副主任、研究员)

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