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艺术地再现历史

2017-09-03 14:45:54   中国青年网

关于顺治帝亲耕先农行躬耕之礼典,并没有留下太多的记载,更没有任何图像资料存世。我们到先农坛考察时,发现了一幅描绘雍正帝躬耕先农坛的长卷绘画复制品。与《乾隆南巡图》、《乾隆大阅图》那类如意馆画家所绘的风格一样,这幅画画得十分具体,仪式场面宏大,人物众多,但只是个场面记录,艺术性不高,却极有参照价值。此外明代诗人吴宽还有一首诗:“春郊风动彩旗新,快睹黄衣是圣人。盛礼肇行非自汉,古诗犹在宛如豳。朝臣共助三推止,野乐全胜九奏频。稼穑先知端可贺,粢盛不独备明禋。”这首诗生动描绘出一幅春郊帝王躬耕祭祀的景象。两者都为创作提供了可资借鉴的材料。

至于祭祀礼节和过程,雍正祭祀的相关文字描述十分细致,可作为重要参照——亲王三人、六部、都察院、理藩院等官员九人从耕,礼部尚书主持,鸿胪寺鸣赞,顺天府府尹、户部尚书、耆老(年老而有地位的士绅)上、中、下农夫数人,每个官员的站位、礼仪程序也都记载得非常具体。此外,直观感受也是我们需要的,毕竟心里有底,对创作来说才是最基本的。构草图时,因为求真求全,画面效果不好,人物太多显得拥挤,从画面整体效果考量,在后来做了必要的取舍。画法的选择上,为了充分表现盛大的皇家礼典氛围,用通幅作品营造一种富丽华贵、庄重肃穆的效果,我们采取了工稳的水墨重彩相结合的艺术形式。

历史画创作,首先要坚持“忠实历史原貌”的总体精神。在礼仪规制、人物位置和服装道具上是不能出错的,因此要经常向文史专家请教。为了画好耕牛,我们还特地去往延庆大庄科乡考察,如今拴犁的耕牛已经很少了,好不容易才找到一头。另外一开始画时,犁是红色的,去先农坛展室参观后才得知帝王用的犁是黄色的,即使原来的色彩关系非常好看,也必须要改正过来。

历史题材的美术创作与自由创作不同,有其特殊规律,当务之急就是要准确理解史实和艺术之间的辩证关系,务必还原出历史的状貌。而它最终的呈现方式,还是一件美术作品,并非原封不动的历史记录或图解,这就要求创作者一定要把握好这个“度”,一旦掌控不好,无论是在哪方面出现偏差,都会影响到创作的质量。总之,历史题材的美术创作,应该定位为“艺术地再现历史”。

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