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吴晓灵:从资管市场看金融立法应统一认识新老划断正本清源

2017-09-02 18:10:51   央广网

“什么叫证券?我认为从中国的文字上看非常好明确,证就是证明,券就是一张纸。”吴晓灵解释,“证券是代表着一定财产权益的,可均分、可转让或可交易的凭证或投资合同。我认为按照这一定义去评估证券产品,包括美国证券法当中的那一系列的列举,基本上是可以涵盖的。那些不能分割的凭证,比如说房产证它是一个凭证,但是它是不能够分割转让的,除非把它证券化。把所有的房产证它的房租收益作为抵押发行证券,权益的证券化就是房地产投资收益凭证(REITS)。”如果我们不能够拓展证券的定义,我们现在很多权益的证券化都不可能得到合法的地位,中国那么多文交所、科交所、股交所实质上就是想做相关权益的证券化。如果我们能够在这些问题上获得共识,就可以极大的增加我们财富的流动性和增加财富性的收入。

证券监管的核心是信息的真实披露,是交易的公开公平公正,防止价格操纵和内幕的交易。监管的边界是什么?就是公开发行和非公开发行,非公开发行面向特定对象或合格投资人,有200人的限制。当然这200人规模太小,随着我们金融秩序的稳健,以后可以逐渐扩大到500人、1000人,但是如果连200人的界限都控制不好的话,急于扩大人数实际上会带来一定的混乱。

在证券法里,如果把基本的理念,就是把集合投资计划作为一个证券的调整范围明确下来,对于监管的统一是非常有好处的。现在大家都承认基金是证券,为什么集合投资计划不能承认它是证券?我认为应该可以承认。

 2. 修改《证券投资基金法》,吴晓灵建议将该法律名字改为《投资基金法》。1999年第九届全国人大,厉一宁教授牵头起草《投资基金法》,争吵五年没有统一认识,那一届财经委为了完成立法任务,在前面增加了“证券”两字变成了《证券投资基金法》,实际上把《证券投资基金条例》上升为了法律。当时的争论焦点是什么?主要是认为基金有各种各样的类型,《投资基金法》怎么能够涵盖这么多的基金?实际上,金融监管的重点是资金的来源。对投资监管的限制取决于资金的来源。

监管金融活动的时候,最核心的立法原则是明确资金的来源。吴晓灵分析“‘玩’自己的钱给他自由。‘玩’大客户的钱让他们承担风险。‘玩’小客户的钱必须重点监管,因为它涉及到公众的利益,会有搭便车问题,因而必须有监管当局来监管。”吴晓灵进一步分析,“如果通过基金的方式向社会大众募集了资金就是公募基金,投资方向要通过法律给予一定的限制;如果是少数合格投资人的资金,则投向由合同约定。非公开募集的基金通过合同约定投向,不管是投资未上市的股权、债权,还是已上市的股权、债权,或者是另类投资、文物、红酒其他投资方向,只要投资人相信资产管理人,愿意签订这样的合同,就是可以的。所以我们的立法不必去立什么股权基金法、什么证券基金法、什么另类投资基金法,只要你把这公募还是私募给确定下来,即公募给予一定的约束、私募要严格合同要素。我们的《证券投资基金法》第十章有一个非公开募集就是约定了合同的要素。”

另外要拓宽公募基金的渠道。银行理财产品适应了非合格投资人风险偏好较高人群的投资需求,就是它投资非标的产品但以5万元为起点,实践证明风险还是可控的。“我们应该通过修订基金法,适当的扩大公募基金的投资范围,即在一定的比例内投资非标产品。”吴晓灵分析,“非标产品有一个会计核算的问题,标准化上市的,它可以有市值评估,没有标准化上市需要确定一下估值方法。银行现在是按照历史成本法来估值。在拓宽了投资的标的之后,可以适当的提高投资人的门槛,银行现在是5万元,这样就可以满足一块钱到一百万元投资之间的大量客户需求。”

3. 修改信托法,对营业信托列专章给予法律地位,并明确信托财产登记制度,保持信托财产的独立性。“我们现在只有信托关系法没有信托的经营法,而这种信托经营的机构他们的立法分别在银监会和证监会,这样管理很混乱。在大资管时代,为了统一市场管理,我们应该在信托法当中对于资产管理机构、对于信托经营给予法律的明确。”吴晓灵说。

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