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网信办发布新规打击非法网络公关 各国如何管理“键盘侠”
胡方表示,在澳大利亚的网络论坛或社交平台注册时,虽然很多网站并没有强制性要求实名登记,但因为现在大部分论坛和社交平台必须要手机验证码验证或是邮箱验证,而绝大部分邮箱注册的时候也需要手机验证,所以网民归根结底逃不过手机验证这一关。而澳大利亚的手机是必须实名登记的,所以在澳大利亚完全匿名在网上发帖其实很难做到,通过追溯电子邮箱或者是追查验证手机最终还是能够查出发帖人的真实身份。
在互联网监管方面,澳大利亚其实一直走得步伐较快,它是世界上最早制定互联网管理法规的国家之一,在包括互联网内容法规、反垃圾邮件法等一系列互联网法规的规范下,以及2005年成立的传播和媒体管理局的具体管理下,在澳大利亚使用互联网并不可以随意妄为,而是和现实生活一样需要规规矩矩地做事。以相对比较严重的青少年网络被欺凌问题举例,澳大利亚有专门针对青少年网络安全的机构“电子安全”,由他们来负责接受各种举报和进行调查处理。每年“电子安全”会处理超过一百多例严重的网络欺凌案件,调查数千起网上欺凌和骚扰举报。针对一些网络恶霸们在论坛或是社交平台上发布的不负责任言论,或是故意将其他人的照片下载下来之后篡改成带有淫秽色彩的图片再发布出去等行为,“电子安全”会主动出击进行删除并调查发布源头。
德国:“言论自由”后果自负
素来以严谨著称的德国人在网络的世界里又是一个什么样子呢?德意志有没有“网络水军”和“键盘侠”,政府又是如何进行管理的?
据《全球华语广播网》德国观察员薛成俊介绍,“键盘侠”、“网络水军”哪里都有,包括德国也会有人在网络的虚拟世界里放任自己,但是相对来说在这里网络跟帖或是通过其他社交媒体平台发言会比较慎重。也许很多人对德国等西方国家的所谓言论自由理解有所偏颇。实际上言论自由只是前半句话,后半句才是重点,那就是后果自负。也就是说,你有发表自己言论和观点的自由,但是同时也必须承担其产生的后果。
在德国倒不会出台专门的法规来限制一个人的言论,但是因言获罪也不是不可能的,有时候一些不当言论所产生的后果会非常严重,甚至要承担刑事责任。这样的例子很多,比如去年德国爆发难民危机,有两个德国人在网上发表了仇视难民的言论,就触犯了德国刑法中的第130条,被以“煽动仇恨罪”判刑;还有,最近一位德国记者因在社交媒体上发帖称某教的教义是法西斯意识形态的来源之一,被检察院以“煽动对某教的仇恨以及诋毁某教”提起诉讼。
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