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监管人士:ICO基本上就是非法集资 建议尽快取缔

2017-09-01 09:11:06   中国经济网

 ICO构成非法集资

根据发行主体不同,ICO可分为企业为发行主体的ICO以及非企业组织为发行主体的代币ICO。前者的发行者是企业。例如,瑞士某金融科技公司发行Lykke代币,每100枚Lykke代币可获得该公司股权的1个份额。后者的发行者不是企业,而是依据契约运作的非企业组织或团体,例如DAO(Decentralized Autonomous Organization),即去中心化的自治组织。

根据标的不同,ICO可分为产品或服务为标的的ICO、收益权为标的的ICO、权益份额为标的的ICO、股权为标的的ICO。

其中,收益权为标的的ICO,投资者可凭其购买并持有的代币,获得区块链项目或基础资产的未来收益,即代币是投资者享有资产收益权的凭证。该收益可能是基于区块链项目本身运行产生的虚拟货币,也可能是基于某种基础资产产生的现金流。

中国政法大学互联网金融法律研究院教授李爱君表示,基于区块链技术本身的虚拟货币或其内嵌代币,不是真实货币。但若虚拟货币、内嵌代币可直接或间接自由转换为法定货币,根据经济活动的实质,这种ICO涉嫌非法集资。

另外,李爱君表示,获取基础资产的现金流收益的ICO,在我国法律框架下构成资产证券化。我国在资产证券化的市场准入、业务规则、风险管理等方面有明确规定,这种ICO涉嫌违法。

谈到股权为标的的ICO,李爱君称,某些ICO实质是股权,所发行的代币是企业的股份凭证。《股权众筹风险专项整治工作实施方案》规定,“平台及平台上融资者进行互联网股权融资,严禁从事以下活动:一是擅自公开发行股票。向不特定对象发行股票或向特定对象发行股票后股东累计超过200人的,为公开发行,应依法报经证监会核准。未经核准擅自发行的,属于非法发行股票”。因此,这种模式的ICO若构成公开发行,在我国违反了证券法等法律法规。

DAO则是典型的以收益权为标的的ICO。李爱君表示,DAO与契约型基金有相似性(投资者投入的资金被用于投资其他项目,投资者不实际管理投资,投资者的收益和风险由合同约定),但其与后者也有一定区别。DAO管理员对DAO的实际控制能力很强,代币持有者的决定权非常有限,可能存在诈骗和内幕交易风险。

  ICO监管应尽快落地

“不论从发行主体、投资者还是市场的角度来看,ICO都存在风险。”中国人民大学法学院副院长杨东表示,首先,从发行主体来看,ICO涉及非法公开发行证券,涉嫌为洗钱等犯罪行为提供渠道,涉嫌非法吸收公众存款、非法经营等。其次,对于投资者而言,ICO存在诈骗、内幕交易等风险。再次,恶性短线交易泛滥、黑客攻击、数字货币价值波动大等成为ICO最主要的市场风险,都会对投资者带来难以弥补的损失,也容易滋生投机行为。

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