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央广《王冠红人馆》财经报告:三星李在镕一审获刑,韩国财阀经济何去何从?
在政企关系层面,金大中政府主要在两个方面动了大手术:第一是彻底割断政企风险伙伴关系。金大中上任后,在其施政纲领中明确指出,必须结束官制经济,要取消政府在贷款、税收、融资等方面赋予大企业集团的优惠措施,并通过立法取消财团的所有特权,割断政经裙带关系,打破财阀的垄断体制。政府开始逐渐从传统的对财阀的保护中退出,转向通过法律体制的完善为企业重组建立一个合适的外部环境。
第二是改变银企之间的关系型融资,向保持距离型融资转变。通过改革,政府的最终目标是使银行摆脱政府控制,自主选择自己的投资方向。
而在财阀制度层面,1998 年 1 月,金大中政府与前5 大财阀达成协议,确定财阀总的改革方向是:提高企业的经营透明度;逐步取消债务互保;彻底改善财务结构,避免过度负债经营;确立主导产业部门,实行专业化经营;以及加强控股股东和经营者的责任。
![](http://img1.utuku.china.com/348x0/news/20170831/b4756b40-b7fd-4cc4-9ab0-b66ca7ab508a.jpg)
韩国前总统金大中
三星一直是以财阀制的形式存在,财阀制度的特征就是家族控制,世袭罔替,还有复杂的股权机构。彭博社的统计显示,已经久病卧床的韩国第一富豪、三星董事长李健熙,直接拥有三星电子3.8%的股权,如果算上他通过其他实体间接持有的股份,现年75岁的李健熙控制三星电子逾20%的股份。这种复杂的结构限制了其他投资者的权利,也导致该公司很容易因为控制人重疾等突如其来的变故而受到影响。一旦李健熙去世,李在镕就必须支付巨额税金才能继承父亲的股票,以保持三星的控制权。因此有分析指出,李在镕铤而走险行贿的目的,也是为了避免缴纳可能高达6万亿韩元(约合53亿美元)的遗产税,尽快实现对三星的控制。
2003年的SK国际财务欺诈案,2006年的现代Glovis丑闻,还有2008年导致李健熙被判缓刑的三星特检案,其根源都是为了保住家族经营权和为下一代接手铺路。
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