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A股“不死鸟”神话开始破灭

2017-08-28 06:16:49   中国青年网

按照目前的退市制度,主动退市可归纳为3种模式:一是上市公司向交易所主动提出退市申请;二是由上市公司、上市公司股东或其他收购人通过向所有股东发出收购全部或部分股份要约,导致公司股本总额、股权分布等发生变化不再具备上市条件;三是上市公司因新设或吸收合并,不再具有独立主体资格并被注销,或上市公司股东大会决议解散。

除主动退市制度外,按照证监会要求,对于欺诈发行公司、重大信息披露违法公司和因不满足财务指标要求或交易指标要求的上市公司应当采取强制退市措施。目前,强制退市主要包括欺诈发行、违规信息披露、被法院宣告破产等20种情形。对欺诈发行和重大信息披露违法的上市公司,强制退市的措施包括交易所实施暂停上市以及在一年内终止上市两种。

退市难原因在于“壳”

退市难在哪?陈乐天认为,由于在现行新股发行制度下,上市地位的稀缺性使得上市公司不愿轻易退市,以财务指标为核心的退市制度和相对不高的违法成本为“保壳”提供了机会。

“由于A股市场退市公司数量有限,存量上市公司‘壳资源’依然稀缺,部分长期业绩不佳的‘壳’公司仍然可以通过炒壳、买壳、借壳等方式变现,这也是部分被戴帽的ST股被炒作为借壳概念股、买壳概念股、摘帽股的重要诱因。”前海开源基金首席经济学家杨德龙说。

根据现行制度,连续2年亏损,公司名前加*ST,连续3年亏损公司暂停上市,连续4年亏损公司退市。公司在第一年亏损后,如果预期第二年仍亏损,会通过政府补贴、债务重组等复杂的“财务技能”为第三年实现扭亏为盈作铺垫。如此这般,不少上市公司形成了“两年亏损一年盈利两年亏损”的模式。Wind资讯统计显示,近年来实施和撤销*ST的上市公司数量大体相当,2001年以来平均每年“戴帽”51家,“摘帽”42家,这表明大多数实施*ST的上市公司最后都能成功“摘帽”,成为“不死鸟”。

除了壳因素,退市难的另一大原因与上市公司性质有关。目前,A股沪深主板上市公司以国有企业为主。中银国际证券统计显示,上交所主板共1306家公司,其中有46%是国有企业,共604家;深交所主板465家公司中有56%是国有企业。

“A股市场上市公司所有制结构与我国资本市场早期主要为国有企业服务的历史功能有关系。国有企业退市涉及的利益关系更加错综复杂,包括地方政府因素、社会稳定因素等,对于亏损的上市国企,地方政府可能会出于多方考虑参与推动并购重组、加大补贴,使亏损上市国企得以逢凶化吉。”格上理财研究员杨晓晴说。

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