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法国当下主义历史观的兴起
2017-08-28 04:16:47 中国青年网
一些个人的因素,尤其是创伤,解释了当下主义的兴起。当前在法国学界取得巨大成就的研究者大多出生于第二次世界大战前后,经历过纳粹大屠杀、维希政权或生活在二战的阴影下。二战幸存者留下的文献之多,唯有法国大革命之后的回忆录才可以与之等量齐观,区别只在于前者展现了生命的渺小和行刑者的罪恶,后者关注废墟和当时的失落。诺拉主编的《自我史论集》邀请了7位著名历史学家参与自传写作,“进入另一个时代,只通过别人来诉说他们自身”,最终他们都谈到了史学作品的主观性和他们在二战前后遭受的创伤。当下史研究所近两年连续召开“历史学家的自我写作”研讨会,都提到了个人创伤对历史写作的决定性影响。法国历史学家莫里斯·艾玛尔在谈到法国人对待1944年奥拉多惨案的态度时,更是详细叙述了他在童年时期经历的这场悲剧是其近20年由全球史转向关注记忆、纪念活动和历史事件的个人因素。至于那些关注乡村和城市的法国学者,例如勒华拉杜里、勒高夫是从当下的视角来说明进步的文化精英,另一些例如菲利普·阿里耶斯、阿兰·科尔班则关注正在消逝的大众文化,从而哀叹“我们失去的世界”。写作者无法超越创伤,也就只好诉诸历史和那些失去的事物。因此,历史学家的入世态度、个性,与他们的作品之间存在密切关联。
当下主义还面临一些挑战,比如档案过多和主观性过强。从定义上说,当下易于变动,甚至是非理性的,容易受情感的左右。情感史研究试图正面回应这种挑战,关注“六种情感:夙愿、爱、愤怒、骄傲、品味和焦虑”,谈到每个社会都有自己表达和限制情感的方式,每种情感在各个年龄、阶级、性别和宗教间又存在差异。法国书籍史专家罗杰·夏蒂埃则在《作者的手艺、印工的心声》中谈到数码时代的历史学时,认为主观性是无法避免的,“理解不同时间对当下的影响才是历史学家的主要任务”。
总之,时代的状况、史学自身的发展逻辑和个人的创伤,三方面共同促成了当下主义历史观的兴起。思考这三方面因素带来的焦虑感,从而使社会大众重新定位到唯一可以把握的当下时刻,记忆、纪念仪式、创伤也就成为近几十年来法国学界的热门议题。但是,这种专注当下的历史观,其实最重要的是凸显了历史的现实功用和伦理承担。
(作者:赖国栋 单位:厦门大学历史学系)
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