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法国当下主义历史观的兴起
2017-08-28 04:16:47 中国青年网
当下主义的兴起有着时代背景和法律保障。在时代背景上,1970年以后的意识形态危机和科技进步,特别是自由主义、个人主义的再度崛起和计算机的普及,使得民众感到“时间在加速”,因此只能将当下作为行动的准则。在幸存者和目击证人逐渐消逝的年代里,对维希政权的反思使得知识分子开始面对那些挥之不去的过去,而非遥不可及的过去。苏联解体、冷战结束、东西德统一、9·11事件、2008年的国际金融危机尤其超出了知识分子的预料。法律上,2001年1月18日,法国国民议会通过有关“亚美尼亚大屠杀”的法案,“公开承认1915年亚美尼亚大屠杀”;2001年5月21日,法国制定法律,承认奴隶贸易和奴隶制为反人类罪。这些法律不仅仅将视野局限在民族国家范畴,还延伸到了人类史中的受难记忆。另外,在档案查阅方面,1979年颁布的《新档案法》规定,除某些特别敏感的卷宗,一般档案的查询时限降低到了30年。正如阿尔托格特别指出的,“金融资本主义、信息革命、因特网、全球化和2008年危机”为当下主义提供了背景支持。
当下主义历史观又是史学自身发展的逻辑产物。第二次世界大战之后的十几年里,法国历史学家没有过多地将精力投入到当代史,既是因为研究者偏好长时段和结构主义,也是因为没有足够的时间距离,对当代的观察就难保客观性。当下主义最先出现在政治史领域。1970年以后发展起来的“新政治史”探讨近代民主制度的出现,以及两次世界大战之间的极权运动和民主道路趋向,回应了意识形态危机和1973年经济危机,又批评了年鉴学派第二代不关注政治、政治史和个体,缺乏叙事,过于看重计量分析。犹太裔法国历史学家、出版家皮埃尔·诺拉编纂的《记忆的场所》所引导的“记忆研究”是投入当下史最典型的例子。诺拉选取一些能代表法兰西特性的场所以巩固当前民族认同,满足了法国读者的怀旧情绪。20世纪90年代以来,非暴力史与战争史成为一个革新的领域,展现出历史学家的公民义务和“共同责任”。法国历史学家尼古拉·欧芬斯塔特在《历史学,为当下而战》中,特别强调了历史学家作为公民“介入”历史的必要性。总的来说,在“建构主义”和跨学科思潮的裹挟下,阶层、性别、族群、种族和基督教之外的其他信仰成为近20年历史学家重点关注的对象,削弱了历史学家曾经主张的“价值中立”,强化了历史学家提问的社会根源。雅克·勒高夫就认为,法国史学留下“对今天影响越来越大的重要遗产之一就是这种现在与过去的联系。历史学家对编纂历史的信念只能来源于这一双向运动”。当下主义历史观既是回应时代的变化,又符合史学求新、求异的要求。
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