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“一多不分”
2017-08-26 05:20:52 中国青年网
安乐哲表示,“仁”一开始就是儒学的关键哲学观念,直到作为《论语》思想的核心。这种情况,如从“一多二元”视角观察是模糊的,但从“一多不分”视角观察,其蕴含的深刻意义为:(1)内在自我源自外向环境;(2)个人及其行为之不分;(3)人己不分;(4)一元、多元不分;(5)目标同途径不分;(6)心、体不分;(7)人个性与人整体不分;(8)特殊气质与现实榜样性人生之不分;(9)心理情趣与心理情趣支配之行为不分;(10)具体德行之出众举动与总体特质的生存环境不分;(11)抽象概念与其抽象而出的具体叙事不分;(12)具体行为事件同对它们加以总结概括之不分;(13)具体人物之成就同对它内含的人类目标所作之概括结论不分。而形而上学的“一多二元”的人概念,于这些关系上都是二元分立的。
安乐哲强调,充满“一多不分”意识的“仁”,浓厚积淀在《孟子》“万物皆备于我矣;反身而诚乐莫大焉;强恕而行求仁莫近焉”与《中庸》“诚者非自成己而已也,所以成物也;成己仁也,成物知也。性之德也,合内外之道也,故事措之宜也”之类的话中。他以翻译结合阐释告诉我们,诚,不是简单的自我完善,而是宜于一切事物之成长;自己充分成长是成就一种出彩素质,担当自己所处人世关系的各种相应角色,这是仁。宜于自己周围所有物事之成长,是谓智慧人生。这是一种以道性成就的出彩素质,实现人自己内在与外在世界道性的合一不分。有什么还有比宇宙万物如此皆备吾己之身更令人愉悦的事吗?“一多不分”的人,也就是时刻都念及天人合一的人。
安乐哲指出,在今天人类意识形态意义上,“一多不分”的人要成为对“个人主义”的另一种选择。“个人主义”的信条是“生而既成”人,即生来一个“神赋”的独立本质人,单子个体、一己自我、我为中心的“一多二元”人,而儒学讲“一多不分”人,强调人非“生而既成”,而是“行之而成”,也即“做人”“成人/仁”及“成己成物”。安乐哲表示,一个个人是怎样“成人/仁”的,这是作为儒家经典《四书》中显而易见、无处不谈的问题。
国际儒学与中华文化跨文化讲习班是安乐哲教授于2011年创办的,迄今已举办七届。几年来,讲习班使中外学员从不同文化背景出发,通过“一多不分”哲学学习,懂得中西方文化比照对待的重要性。
(卞俊峰)
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