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“二郎山神草”的拯救与保护路

2017-08-25 07:11:47   中国青年网

珍稀

栖息地除了二郎山,很难找到第二个

1999年8月,光叶蕨被国务院批准为国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生植物中国濒危物种。光叶蕨到底有何魔力,让无数专家为之倾倒?

首先,它身上承载了太多的生态学、生物学价值。杨洪忠介绍,光叶蕨介于蹄盖蕨属和冷蕨属之间,不仅具有观赏价值,还在研究蕨类植物杂交和蹄盖蕨科的系统发育上具有关键性作用。

其次,它的生存环境不可复制,物种本身具有不可取代的珍稀性。“太特殊了。特别是它对生存环境要求很严,在二郎山之外,很难找到第二个生存地。”余凌帆说,光叶蕨之所以濒危,主要原因是它对生存环境过于“挑剔”:海拔分布相对较高,大致为海拔2300米-2500米之间,分布幅度极其狭窄;喜潮湿、雨水、多雾、无直射光的环境;大多分布于溪沟边附近的岩壁上,多有苔藓伴生,土壤为弱酸性土。

4年来的监测显示,光叶蕨的栖息地雾天常年超过两百天,降雨量在1500毫米-2200毫米之间。目前已发现的光叶蕨三处种群所在地,均位于二郎山背阴坡的水边,常年湿度维持在65%以上。

未来

人工繁育尚在探路,或尝试迁地保护

在专家们看来,要让光叶蕨彻底摆脱濒危状态,其思路是开展人工繁育——它的野外种群实在太少了。

这与光叶蕨自身的繁殖方式有关。理论上,蕨类植物有孢子繁殖、分株繁殖和组织培养等几种方法。野生状态下的光叶蕨自我繁殖主要靠孢子囊。每年七八月间,孢子囊开始形成,至9月底,不管孢子囊是否成熟,光叶蕨都会进入休眠期。而这时,“一片叶子上,很多孢子都还没成熟。”余凌帆科研团队成员文智猷说,没有成熟的孢子不具备繁殖条件。

但就算孢子成熟,也不代表一定能够出苗。多年的人工繁育实验表明,孢子的发芽率极低,“发芽后对气温、湿度、土壤这些的要求更苛刻,成苗更难。”文智猷坦言,研究4年来,光叶蕨的人工繁育仍未形成可复制、可重复的方案与做法。

探路人工繁育的同时,行业主管部门已开始强化对光叶蕨的野生种群保护力度。

“我现在每个星期都上去看一下。”8月23日下午,记者终于拨通了杨洪忠的电话。此前的4天,他在二郎山的丛林中徒步穿行了60公里,走遍了3处光叶蕨的栖息地。

栖息地均已被保护起来,但附近仍有原住民。为避免仅有的野生种群遭到破坏,雅安市和天全县林业部门正谋划对光叶蕨进行迁地保护。杨洪忠说,3处栖息地距离喇叭河省级自然保护区均只有一步之遥,环境、气候有相通性,“当然,具体的还要听专家的意见,还要看技术上可不可行。如果迁地不能让它们生存更好,那就保持现在的样子不动。”

链接

极小种群拯救与保护行动

2013年开始,四川启动了极小种群拯救与保护行动。首批纳入拯救与保护范围的是14个极小种群的植物。目前,被纳入其中的北川驴蹄草、距瓣尾囊草、崖柏、五小叶槭等植物,已初步摆脱濒危境地,部分物种已经实现人工繁育和迁地、就地保护。同时,我省各地还针对各物种的濒危程度,专门设立保护机构、划定保护地。

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