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增强“文化+”自觉 推动文化共生

2017-08-23 08:47:17   中国青年网

强调文化冲突者认为,西方中心主义主张的强势文化支配、吞噬其他弱势文化,建立文化霸权以推行文化殖民,目的在于获得经济、政治权益,并塑造符合自己价值观的世界。文化霸权导致了文化主体之间不平等的文化交往,是国际军事、经济、技术不平等格局在文化上的反映。非西方社会对西方和现代化的回应有三种方式:全盘西化,如土耳其;引进现代化而拒绝西化,如中国和日本;完全拒绝,如某些伊斯兰国家。

应该看到,文化冲突是文化发展过程中的必然现象,但当全球化被不断认同为一个既定前提时,全球化进程带来的就不会是单一的文化开放或消亡,而是文化的重新解构和融汇。它们之间的关系必须建立在一种具有内在紧密关联、彼此具有相互构成性因素的文化——即相互依存的亦即“共生”的文化——之上。只有各方有感于大家都是共生连结的共同体,才能以更宽容的态度,看待彼此的不同,推动文化共生。

在日益扩大的文化接触中,越来越多的交流发生在多种文化之间,传统文化观念所描绘的文化图景渐渐趋于模糊,一幅充满动感和活力的多维文化互动图景日渐清晰。人类活动已连成一个互动整体,这就要求人们的行为方式和思维方式必须摆脱那种二元分立对决、非此即彼的争斗模式,从思维模式中放弃那种“零和”游戏规则,改为一种“双赢”规则。以自给自足的生产方式来维持本土文化的纯洁性,甚至把本土文化禁锢在民族主义的意识形态中,不仅会丧失本土文化发展的经济可能性,更会弱化本土文化对非本土文化的传播力量,丧失文化竞争力。

全球化表现为一种不同质的文化之间相互传播、彼此融会的过程,亦即丰富生动的、多元并存的全球文化的形成过程。这是一个由全球文化的统一性和民族文化的多样性两个矢量构成的、不断循环往复的双向运动过程。全球化并不意味着同质化,全球化在进入本土的时候要做适当的改变或创新去迎合当地的文化、人群。

全球化时期,文化是多元的,不同文化在流动、传播的过程中,并没有产生对于其他文化的“战争状态”,而是不同文化混杂后的共生。在全球化时期,文化以及体现在人身上的文化展现的都是一种混杂性,是通过对于传统的文化与西方的文化有选择地拒绝来组成自身的文化策略,是一种融合后的共存共生。在全球化的时代背景下,本土文化与西方文化在本土生根发芽,经过选择与被选择,重组与再重组,在本地形成了有机的文化系统。

人类文化应该有着某些共同的文化核心要素。我们应该把握文化的整体结构,探究人类不同行为和思考方式的内在联系,寻找到这些隐藏于文化深层结构下的共同核心要素。随着财富从西方向东方和南部转移以及数字时代的全面到来,全球的文化格局正发生着空前变化,一张多元的、多文明的、多极的全球文化新版图正在形成。

(张祥建为紫金文创研究院特约研究员、上海财经大学财经研究所教授;赵素君为上海财经大学博士研究生;吴广清为上海外国语大学国际工商管理学院MBA专任教授)

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