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在美国参观博物馆有感

2017-08-23 04:21:53   中国青年网

当然在藏品的数量和知名度上,大都会博物馆无法与大英博物馆和卢浮宫媲美,比如大英博物馆在埃及文物的收藏方面极负盛名,仅木乃伊就占据了好几个厅,而且还拥有著名的罗塞塔石碑。大都会博物馆虽无法与之相比,但却拥有石油大亨爱德华·S.哈克尼斯捐赠的朋内布墓室,将这位负责给国王披袍加冕的宫廷官员的墓室完整地展现在参观者面前,还拥有与之相连的墓园以及其副墓室组成的墓群,这在博物馆收藏界是独一无二的。

再以欧洲绘画和雕塑艺术为例,卢浮宫最著名的“三位女性”——《蒙娜丽莎》《米罗的维纳斯》和《萨莫塔斯岛胜利女神》,每一件都是人类艺术史上的杰作。英国在这方面无法与法国、意大利的博物馆相比,伦敦国家美术馆却也拥有达·芬奇的《岩间圣母》等可与之抗衡。美国的博物馆没有能与二者比肩的名作,但美国博物馆能够拥有大量的欧洲知名画家的作品,这本身已经是个惊喜。美国大都会博物馆拥有从中世纪艺术到后印象派的众多名家画作,包括丰富的17世纪荷兰艺术收藏,如哈尔斯、伦勃朗和维米尔等人的作品。华盛顿的国家美术馆,艺术品时间跨度更大,几乎从中世纪绘画到现当代艺术应有尽有。虽然波提切利最有名的两幅画——《春》和《维纳斯的诞生》在佛罗伦萨乌菲齐美术馆,但华盛顿国家美术馆拥有这位伟大意大利画家的《三博士来朝》《朱利亚诺·德·美第奇》和《青年男子像》;虽然美国仅有一幅达·芬奇的油画(《吉内薇拉·德·班琪》),但美国终究还是没有让这位文艺复兴巨匠在博物馆中缺席……细细看来,除了米开朗基罗,那些在西方艺术史上占据一席之地的名字,在美国的博物馆美术馆几乎都能够看到,那些在西方艺术史上出现的流派,在这里几乎都有所体现。纽约现代艺术馆(MOMA)和所罗门古根海姆博物馆等的展品,能够清晰地体现西方现代派美术的完整脉络,从印象派、野兽派、立体主义、形而上画派到超现实主义、抽象表现主义等应有尽有,从莫奈、马奈、梵·高、马蒂斯、毕加索、基里科到米罗、达利和波洛克,这里藏有大量近现代名家名作,此外,美国还收藏有丰富的伦勃朗作品以及最完整的抽象主义画家康定斯基的作品。

很难想象,藏品这样丰富的博物馆,当初是如何从零开始的。更令人难以置信的是,大都会博物馆最开始展出的作品,全都不是艺术品原作——博物馆建立之初,人们认为名作永远不会被大都会博物馆买到,因此最开始将展品的重点放在名作的电铸版和石膏模型上。1902年,商人雅各布·S.罗杰斯给大都会留下500万美元,这使得博物馆有能力购买原作。与其他国家相比,美国博物馆在科研和考古方面是弱项,获得美洲本土之外的艺术品,主要靠的是花钱购买或获得捐赠,最终创立者们的理想得以实现,美国拥有了许多百科全书式的“环球”博物馆。

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