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用汗水“留住每一滴水”

2017-08-22 07:23:14   中国青年网

思路调整之后,康绍忠带领科研团队在石羊河全流域上、中、下游布置了大量的长期野外定点试验。积累了上百亿组珍贵的基础科学试验数据,并结合流域农业种植结构调整的实际需求,揭示了流域内13种主要农作物、4种防风固沙植物的耗水规律,获得了大田粮食作物、酿酒葡萄、温室蔬菜、膜下滴灌棉花等4类作物的经济需水指标,为流域水资源合理配置、种植结构调整和科学灌溉提供了定量的依据。

节水研究远比想象的更神奇。

在人们的传统观念里,丰水必然高产。可是,康绍忠团队通过大量试验发现,并不是作物灌水越多越好。他告诉记者,在作物生长的特殊阶段,人为地、主动地降低土壤水分、使作物经受一段干旱的过程,不仅不会降低产量,反而会促进其生长,而且还能改善作物品质。“就好比养孩子,并不是一味地好吃、好穿就能让他健康成长,要让孩子经受一些磨练,反而会促进他更好地成长,作物灌溉也是一个道理。”康绍忠打了个形象的比喻。基于此,科研团队系统研究了大田作物的调亏灌溉和非充分灌溉技术及应用模式。

1996年,康绍忠团队提出了“控制性作物根系分区交替灌溉”的新方法,也就是从作物根系空间实施分区供水,人为交替控制或保持根系活动层的土壤在某一区域干燥,使作物根系始终有一部分生长在干燥或较干燥的土壤区域中,让其产生水分胁迫的根信号再传递至叶片,最优控制叶片气孔开张度,减少叶片奢侈的蒸腾耗水。同时,通过对不同区域根系的交替干旱锻炼,提高根系传导能力及水分和养分的利用效率,减少棵间全部湿润时的无效蒸发和总的灌溉用水量。

后来,这一灌溉技术在民勤沙漠绿洲区年降水量110毫米的地区应用,在保证产量的情况下,可以使灌水量减少20%-30%。当时,这项技术被教育部组织鉴定认定已达到国际领先水平,并被国家发改委等5部委列为重点推广的农业节水技术。

在积累了大量原始数据、搞清了各种作物的耗水量以及灌溉制度后,可以说康绍忠团队完成了节水研究三步走中的第一步。进入2000年以后,康绍忠团队将更多的关注点放在了流域水资源配置上。

康绍忠告诉记者,西北内陆干旱区是我国资源型缺水区,要想更好地解决“缺水”与“农业发展”“生态健康”之间的矛盾,基于流域生态健康的水资源科学配置就是关键。康绍忠带领团队以石羊河为实验区,发展了流域水转化的定量模拟方法,提出了定量评价气候变化与人类活动对径流影响的新方法,建立了面向生态的流域水资源科学配置模型,开发了具有径流预测、灌区管理、水资源信息管理及决策等功能的流域水资源管理决策支持系统,将水资源形成转化与消耗的观测与试验数据、空间遥感数据与各种专业模型进行综合集成,不仅为水资源管理和灌区管理部门提供快速查询、辅助决策功能,也为西北旱区流域尺度水资源转化规律与节水调控模式的综合研究提供了共享数据平台。

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