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慢慢走,欣赏啊(美在生活)

2017-08-22 04:16:53   中国青年网

以花为喻

中国古人对花卉的欣赏不仅仅停留在对其植物特性的赏玩,哪怕是对花卉进行直观呈现的花鸟画中,花卉也都有喻意。文人们对花卉的欣赏多半是由于这些花卉被赋予了特殊意涵。清代文学家张潮说:“梅令人高,兰令人幽,菊令人野,莲令人淡,春海棠令人艳,牡丹令人豪,蕉与竹令人韵,秋海棠令人媚,松令人逸,桐令人清,柳令人感。”可见中国人对花卉的欣赏,不仅在于花卉本身的植物性,更关乎其内涵。这种对内涵的品味把花卉从日常生活的装饰点缀之物引入到精神领域,花卉由此而变成精神品格的象征。

当花卉获得丰富的寓意,赏花活动也从感官愉悦进入到悦心悦意的心灵层面。人们所赏之花便不再是花,而是一种人格,一种人生理想。除了人们熟知的“岁寒三友”之类的符号标签之外,花的人格化表达还有一种话语,已经具有意义衍生的功能,在人格化的话语中自然延伸,妙趣横生。《浮生六记》中芸娘曾拿佛手和茉莉对比,说“佛手乃香中君子,只在有意无意间,茉莉是香中小人,故须借人之势,其香也如胁肩谄笑。”这种借花香喻人的方式正是将花人格化的表达。借题发挥的议论是赏花的新乐趣。花只不过是个引发议论的由头,妙在赏花人的机智与人生态度的洒脱。

正因为将花人格化,所以赏花之人也应与花相配,审美主客体才能建立起相应的审美关系。袁中郎对此特别讲究,以浴花为例:“浴梅宜隐士,浴海棠宜韵客,浴牡丹芍药宜靓妆妙女,浴榴宜艳色婢,浴木樨宜清慧儿,浴莲宜娇媚妾,浴菊宜好古而奇者,浴蜡梅宜清瘦僧。”他认为,每一种花都由相应的人来打理才算适宜,否则就大煞风景。这种花与人的对应关系,也是由花的人格化衍生出来的一种赏花妙趣。花事即人事,赏花即赏人。

与花为伴

以花喻人,将花卉人格化的结果是花已不仅是审美对象,而且是人生伴侣。花卉完全融入人的生活,不仅是生活的点缀与装饰,而且是人生艺术化的实现途径。与花为伴的生活,是审美的生活。袁中郎曾说:“古之负花癖者,闻人谈一异花,虽深谷峻岭,不惮蹶躄而从之。至于浓寒盛暑,皮肤皴麟,汗垢为泥,皆所不知。”这种抛下现实生活中的俗务,不畏艰难险阻而为一睹异花芳容的行为,在世俗的眼中当然是痴是癫,但是这种痴与癫正是一种艺术化的人生态度。花在这些痴人的生命中已成为不可或缺的伴侣,已融入他们的生命。陶渊明爱菊,林和靖爱梅,周濂溪爱莲,都是把花当成了生命的伴侣,花与人已难分彼此。

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