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暗物质与暗能量成为研究最前沿

2017-08-20 15:56:14   中国青年网

暗物质的物理组成到底是什么?科学家们早先推测它可能由一种不带电的、质量很轻的、数目繁多的中微子构成,中微子的运动速度很快,可称之热暗物质;相对的,候选者还有可能是种质量大的、运动慢、引力大的冷暗物质粒子。天文学家后来在实际的观测和计算当中发现,答案更倾向于后者。冷暗物质粒子很可能是宇宙早期遗留下来的稳定、只有弱作用的重粒子。

2003年7月28日,加拿大多伦多大学的天文学家成功测出了看不见的星系光晕。根据最新的天文学理论,这些星系由暗物质构成。多伦多大学的天文学家解释称,这些光晕的体积要比看得见的星系体积大5到8倍。

天文学家利用1亿像素的数码照相机和安装在夏威夷岛上的大功率天文望远镜,对150多万个被附近12万个星系的“引力透镜”所扭曲的遥远星系的形状进行了研究。这一研究过程持续了两年,然后又花了两年时间对所获取的数据进行处理。最后研究者指出,我们所在的星系——银河系的光晕,其质量约为太阳的8800亿倍。

爱因斯坦假设,引出暗能量

天文学家认为,暗能量在宇宙中起斥力作用,但又不能严格说其是一种斥力,只能称其为能量。宇宙大爆炸时发生膨胀,产生的能量把物质往外排斥,暗能量斥力作用的发现,使学者们认识到,宇宙不光是在膨胀,而且还是在加速膨胀。

暗能量在宇宙中更像是一种背景,让人根本感觉不到它的存在,但它确实存在,且起着非同一般的作用。有人把暗能量称为“真空能”。上世纪二三十年代,就有科学家认为真空不空,只是物理的探测仪器探测不到,“真空”中并非真的什么都没有。

对暗能量理论上的猜测可追溯到爱因斯坦时代。1915年爱因斯坦提出了广义相对论,这是自牛顿时代以来第一次出现的重力理论。1917年,爱因斯坦又将广义相对论公式应用到整个宇宙,想看看能否获得对宇宙本质的新认识,由此引出的暗能量理论。世界上的物理学家、数学家随即开始解其中的引力方程,方程有两种解,第一种解是:如果宇宙只存在引力,没有别的力作用的话,出于相互吸引,宇宙不可能静止;方程的另一种解是:宇宙爆炸的那一瞬间获得了一个初速度,向外膨胀,但由于引力作用往回拉,宇宙肯定越胀越慢,所以宇宙不是膨胀就是收缩,不可能静止。由此得出结论,宇宙不会完全静止,宇宙没有静止点。

爱因斯坦觉得从哲学思想上分析,这两种解都不合适,按他的想法宇宙应该是静止的,不能永不停息的运动。因此,爱因斯坦又向广义相对论引力方程中引入了一项“宇宙常数”。这个宇宙常数起排斥力的作用,有了该常数之后,引力方程同时具备了引力和斥力,正好能够达到平衡,可让宇宙“静止”下来。

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