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暗物质与暗能量 成为研究最前沿
2017-08-20 14:46:19 中国青年网
视觉中国供图
视觉中国供图
和“熊猫计划”的实验室相似,意大利格朗萨索国家地下实验室位于地下1400米深处,从1996年这里就在研究暗物质。这是当前基础物理研究最前沿的方向之一,突破性的重要进展将极大促进人类对物质世界的微观结构以及宇宙演化的理解。国际上对暗物质及暗能量的研究都极为重视,美国和欧洲多国都进行了详细周密的规划。“熊猫计划”项目负责人、上海交通大学鸿文讲席教授季向东博士说,国内已将暗物质和暗能量的研究纳入了中长期规划,很可能在不久的将来实现革命性的突破。在过去的几年内,我国在暗物质直接探测方面实现了长足进步,探测结果的灵敏度达到世界先进水平。他还透露,在香山的一次科学会议上,科学家建议依托锦屏地下实验室进行更大规模的暗物质直接探测实验,并开展卫星暗物质间接探测实验,同时建议在西藏阿里地区进行宇宙微波背景辐射观测,并通过空间站和地面望远镜进行深空巡天观测,从而实现对暗能量的深入研究。
神秘的暗物质,到底是什么
普通物质是那些在一般情况下能用眼睛或借助工具看得着的东西,即使藏身于最黑暗的角落,只要有光照总能发现它们。
谁最先发现了暗物质呢?20世纪30年代,瑞士天文学家茨威基发表了一个惊人结果:在星系团中,看得见的星系只占总质量的1/300以下,而99%以上的质量是看不见的。茨威基首先发现了暗物质的存在,大大推动了物理学的发展。但当时许多人并不相信茨威基的结果,因为暗物质根本不与光发生作用,更不会发光,在天文上用光的手段绝对看不到暗物质。
万物之间存在万有引力,太阳系的九大行星围绕太阳旋转,越往外其转动的速度越低,比如地球绕日速度是每秒30公里,高于火星,而火星的速度又高于位于它之外的木星,这是典型的中间有一颗大恒星的行星系表现。20世纪70年代初,科学家在观测宇宙其他一些星系中的恒星运行速度时就发现,越往外,围绕中心的速度并不都是衰减下去,而是和内圈恒星的速度差不多。这与越往外,物质越少,引力也越小,速度也应该越低的常规不符。由此反推,此时虽然外圈的那些能被直接观测到、数出来的星星数目变少了,但其实内部的物质数量并没有减少,引力也没有变小,只不过观测不到而已,科学家们大胆地猜测:宇宙中一定有某些物质没有被我们的天文观测所发现,这些物质就是“暗物质”。
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