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4万年前人类在此燃起一堆火

2017-08-20 04:16:15   中国青年网

“那一刻我们都惊呆了。要知道,在此之前,新疆几乎所有的考古发现均为4000年后的遗存文物,从没有人想过会有4000年前的文物被发现。我不敢相信这是真的,马上把它们拿给北京大学考古文博学院教授王幼平,请他鉴定鉴定。没想到王教授一眼就认出,这是旧石器时代的石器。我们也终于明白,我们发现宝贝了。”于建军回忆道。

北京大学考古文博学院迅速加入通天洞的考古发掘中,虽说2016年他们仅仅发掘了4平方米的面积,但出土的文物让他们兴奋不已。今年,他们扩大了发掘面积后,惊喜不断出现,先是发现了一个火堆遗迹,马上在它旁边发现了第二个,而且这个也是第三个火堆遗迹,因为它们是两个叠压在一起的。

惊喜就这样连续出现,各种经过精心打磨的石器,被砸成碎片的动物骨骼,还有大量的陶片。在靠近洞口的一侧,于建军他们又试探了一个探方,灰坑和形似石墙基的地基出现在人们面前。再看通天洞周围,又有6个洞口出现,而在萨吾尔山这片地区,类似的崖洞竟达20多个,经过于建军他们初步探查,其中有两个洞内也有史前人类活动的遗迹。更让他们感到惊喜的是,在萨吾尔山另一侧,还有类似的山洞等待他们去探索与发现。

通天洞发现的意义

“这是新疆境内首次发现旧石器时代文物遗址,这对新疆考古来说,是划时代的。”中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所研究员高星这样评价通天洞的考古发掘。他认为,通天洞的价值在于它给我们提供了古人原生态的生活形态,文化内涵又十分丰富。特别是出土的2600多件文物中,占有绝大部分的石制品从材料到型制都很多样,是典型的旧石器中晚期的文物遗存。

北京大学的碳14测定也证实了这一点,研究人员通过动物骨骼所做的碳14测定表明,通天洞目前发现的最下层的年代在距今4万年到5万年之间,这对新疆人类历史来说无疑是极大的好消息。

用王幼平的话说,通天洞的发现可谓在国内考古界引起极大震动,因为这不仅是新疆首次发现旧石器时代的遗址,也是新疆首次对洞穴进行考古发掘,最主要的是,通天洞发现的文物如此丰富,年代定向十分清晰。过去曾有人怀疑莫斯特文化在东亚是否存在过。通天洞里发现的旧石器时代的石器组合就有典型的莫斯特文化特征,这使我们必须重新认识莫斯特文化在中国的传播与存在。特别是通天洞所处的位置正好位于欧亚草原交汇处,这对我们理解与研究欧亚草原上古人类交往交流等问题也是最好的证据。

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