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固体还是液体? 玻璃的身份至今悬而未决

2017-08-19 09:56:49   中国青年网

20世纪80年代出现的模态耦合理论被认为是描述玻璃转变最有用的理论。模态耦合理论的物理图像可以归结为“笼子效应”:液体中的每个粒子都位于由其近邻粒子所形成的笼子里,笼子的寿命随温度的降低而增加。温度接近某个临界温度时,笼子的寿命将趋于无限大。在具有高流动性能的液体中,粒子除了在笼子中做常规的振动和随机“游动”外,其所在的笼子位置也同时随着周围粒子的重排而改变,即粒子除了在笼子中振动外,还将改变其所在的笼子作随机扩散运动。当温度低于临界温度时,笼子的寿命无限大,使得液态冻结成玻璃时,因为笼子的囚禁和限制,其粒子的无序排列状态被保存下来。

除了这些理论之外,科学家们在试验中也对这个问题有一些发现。美国物理学家凯尔顿及其团队进行的早期实验显示,原子以有序结构聚集在一起可形成岛状物。这些岛状物似乎可以阻止液体变成固体,让液体原子保持一种较为混乱的状态。但对于岛状物如何发挥作用或者是否所有玻璃中都存在这种现象,研究人员并没有达成一致。

英国布里斯托大学的帕特里克·罗亚尔等人在实验中,为了观察微观玻璃原子的真实运动情况,利用较大的胶体微粒模拟玻璃原子,并用高倍显微镜进行观察。结果发现,这些粒子形成的凝胶因为构成了二十面体结构而无法形成结晶。

玻璃态物质的发现和应用及其相关研究已经经历了漫长的历史并且取得了丰硕的成就,然而,有关玻璃态物质的本质和基本规律仍存在诸多问题值得人们继续深入思考。也许在不久的将来,关于玻璃如何形成、如何流动,科学家会给我们一个满意的答案。

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