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固体还是液体? 玻璃的身份至今悬而未决

2017-08-19 09:56:49   中国青年网

形态转变过程令人摸不着头脑

在玻璃从液体转变为类似固体的玻璃态的过程中,我们遇到了一种奇怪的现象——类似液体原子那种不规则的排列被神奇地固定了下来。

除了玻璃到底是固体还是液体傻傻分不清外,玻璃从液体转变为类似固体的玻璃态的过程也令人摸不着头脑。美国华盛顿大学圣路易斯分校物理学家肯尼斯·凯尔顿表示:“4000年前,生活在美索不达米亚的人就开始使用玻璃,但我们至今仍不完全了解液体如何变成玻璃的过程。这是最有趣的动力学过程之一。”

一些材料从液体变为固体时,其原子会以高度规则的模式进行排列,这种排列被称为“晶格”。也就是说,这些物质处于液体状态时,原子可以自由移动,然后在某个时刻原子会突然发现自己被困住了,于是一种有规则的晶格排列就形成了,这个过程被称为“晶化”。钢水在冷却变为固体钢的过程中,就发生了这种变化。

但是从炽热的液体转变为玻璃的过程中,不断运动的玻璃原子并没有突然被困住,而是随着温度的下降速度逐渐放缓,最终这些原子仍呈现类似液体的那种不规则排列。换句话说,在玻璃身上我们遇到了一种奇怪的现象——类似液体原子那种不规则的排列被神奇地固定了下来。

汪卫华表示,虽然玻璃中的原子在一定程度上随机排列,但它们实际上要比表面看起来更为稳定。绝大多数原子可能被它们的“邻居”禁锢在一定位置。那么玻璃中的原子是如何缓慢运动的?换句话说,玻璃是怎样流动的呢?这也是凝聚态物理和材料科学的未解之谜。目前的研究表明,如果一个原子要移动,其周围的原子也不得不发生移动。就像你要从极其拥挤的公共汽车上下来,其他乘客必须也要移动让开一样。玻璃原子的缓慢移动涉及其内部大量原子的共同移动,但它们的移动方式仍然不清楚。

关于玻璃原子如此“任性”的推测

邻近粒子形成“笼子效应”,因为笼子的囚禁和限制,玻璃粒子的无序排列状态被保存下来;岛状物阻止液体变成固体;玻璃原子构成了二十面体结构而无法形成结晶。

在玻璃形成过程中,类似液体那种不规则的排列,究竟是怎么被固定下来的?对于这个悬而未决的问题,科学家们提出了许多理论来解释。

1959年,美国芝加哥大学的科学家科恩等提出了自由体积理论。该理论认为液体中存在着许多原子排布所必需体积之外的多余体积,这些体积可以无需附加能量而重新分布,因此被称为自由体积。随着液体温度的降低,原子所拥有的自由体积逐渐降低,当自由体积降低到某个临界值以下时,玻璃即形成。但如何严格定义并对自由体积加以测量实际上做不到。

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